最近，用戶在購買智能手機時會考慮很多因素。性能，屏幕尺寸和專業功能。特別是每個人都會查看電池續航時間。如果您以前有更換電池類型的手機，則可以攜帶充電的備用電池。當電池耗盡時，不得不更換電池。但現在，大部分都是一體機，所以如果你沒有電池，你必須將它連接到充電器或使用二次電池。因此，該設備的電池數量，電池容量的多少，也是一個重要的購買因素。智能手機中使用的電池是鋰離子電池。可(ke)充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)可(ke)以(yi)是鎳(nie)鎘(ge)，鎳(nie)氫，鋰離(li)子(zi)，鋰聚(ju)合物等(deng)。你想知道為什么鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)用于智(zhi)能手(shou)機？讓我們(men)來看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)從現在(zai)開始可(ke)充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)的類(lei)型(xing)，原理和歷史(shi)。讓我們(men)來看(kan)(kan)看(kan)(kan)目(mu)前智(zhi)能手(shou)機電(dian)池(chi)的歷史(shi)趨勢。

電池原理

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)(shang)由(you)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質組成。當陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)生氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)熄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)反(fan)(fan)應。因此(ci)，一個大(da)的金屬(shu)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)，所(suo)述離(li)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傾(qing)向(xiang)，正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)是使(shi)用離(li)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傾(qing)向(xiang)較小的金屬(shu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應能(neng)轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。在(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)(fan)應是由(you)通過外部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中流動。這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)流入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)并使(shi)之進行還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)反(fan)(fan)應。它使(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)完全放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是指化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)品的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)有(you)一次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。原(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是一次性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，不能(neng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，只能(neng)使(shi)用一次。可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是可在(zai)使(shi)用后充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)恢復到發(fa)(fa)生氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和還(huan)(huan)原(yuan)(yuan)反(fan)(fan)應的初始狀態的工作。

可充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池 – 鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池，鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)池，鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池

二次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表性實(shi)例是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)汽車的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)由兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)，與(yu)其他(ta)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一樣(yang)。引(yin)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，引(yin)線過氧化物電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)是(shi)(shi)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)溶液(ye)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)引(yin)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)負離子，并滿(man)足(zu)在(zai)(zai)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)和地點硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)拍(pai)攝電(dian)(dian)(dian)子。過氧化物引(yin)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)離子是(shi)(shi)接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)子與(yu)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)和水。當(dang)你使用(yong)(yong)它時，兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)變成(cheng)(cheng)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。當(dang)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，使用(yong)(yong)過程反向進行。在(zai)(zai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)在(zai)(zai)釋放電(dian)(dian)(dian)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)同時轉化為過氧化鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。在(zai)(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子被吸(xi)收，硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)被還原(yuan)成(cheng)(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。該反應(ying)不(bu)會自發發生(sheng)。因此，需要通(tong)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)來供應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。

在二次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)很(hen)重(zhong)，不適合經(jing)濟的便攜式(shi)設備。因此業內人(ren)士(shi)的眼球轉移到其他電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。除了(le)鉛酸鎳和各種二次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，例如鋰(li)聚合物電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（Li-聚合物），鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（NiCd），鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（NiMH），鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（Li-ion），和鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。

鎳鎘電池(chi)使用(yong)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鎳作為陽極，使用(yong)鎘作為陰極。電解液通(tong)常通(tong)過向20至25％氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鉀(jia)水溶液中加入少(shao)量氫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化鋰來制(zhi)備。建議(yi)在完全放電后進行充電，因為存(cun)在記憶現象。否則，如(ru)果在使用(yong)后反復少(shao)量充電，則在電極板上形(xing)成大晶(jing)體，并(bing)且(qie)電池(chi)的(de)性能逐漸下(xia)降。

鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是使用(yong)鎳(nie)作為陽極，氫(qing)存儲(chu)合金(jin)（金(jin)屬(shu)氫(qing)化物(wu)）作為陰(yin)極和堿(jian)水溶(rong)液作為電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的二(er)次電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。充電(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽命長，因(yin)此可以充電(dian)(dian)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)超過500次。然而，當溫度(du)低(di)時，與(yu)金(jin)屬(shu)結合的氫(qing)幾(ji)乎不分離，因(yin)此，在較低(di)溫度(du)，明顯降低(di)輸出(chu)性能(neng)。

智能(neng)手機(ji)電池 – 鋰(li)離子，鋰(li)聚(ju)合(he)物電池

鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電池(chi)是使用鋰(li)(li)化合物作(zuo)為正極(ji)(ji)(ji)，碳(tan)或石墨作(zuo)為負極(ji)(ji)(ji)，使用有機溶劑作(zuo)為電解液(ye)。鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電池(chi)的充電和(he)放電不會引起電極(ji)(ji)(ji)或電解質的化學(xue)反(fan)應。鋰(li)(li)離(li)子本身存在陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)之間。

鋰(li)離子(zi)電池在智能(neng)手機等移動設備上有哪些優勢？

第(di)一，它重量(liang)輕，能量(liang)密度非常高。鋰離子電池(chi)的能量(liang)密度約為160 Wh / kg，約為鎳鎘電池(chi)的兩(liang)倍。

第(di)二(er)，電(dian)(dian)動勢(shi)高(gao)達3.6V。僅此電(dian)(dian)池(chi)足以為(wei)(wei)智(zhi)能手機(ji)供電(dian)(dian)。第(di)三，沒有(you)記憶效應(ying)，易(yi)于(yu)管理。即使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)而(er)沒有(you)完全(quan)放電(dian)(dian)，也可(ke)以給(gei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。第(di)四(si)，由于(yu)自放電(dian)(dian)導致的功率(lv)損耗非常小。鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的自放電(dian)(dian)率(lv)約為(wei)(wei)每月(yue)5％，約為(wei)(wei)鎳(nie)基電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的1/4。

但也有(you)(you)缺點。壽命短至2至3年，對溫(wen)度(du)(du)敏(min)感。溫(wen)度(du)(du)越高，老化越快。穩定(ding)性低于其他電(dian)池。過(guo)充的話，電(dian)容量大(da)大(da)降低，過(guo)充電(dian)時變得(de)非常(chang)不穩定(ding)。另外，如果功率密度(du)(du)高并(bing)且電(dian)解液是(shi)有(you)(you)機溶(rong)劑并(bing)且在內部電(dian)極處發生短路，則存在爆(bao)炸(zha)的風(feng)險。

鋰(li)聚合(he)物電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)陽極上使用鋰(li)化合(he)物，在(zai)陰極上使用碳或石(shi)墨作為鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)解(jie)質是凝膠(jiao)，而不是液體(ti)(ti)。因為它(ta)是凝膠(jiao)型電(dian)解(jie)質，所以(yi)可以(yi)制造各種尺(chi)寸和形狀的(de)(de)容器。在(zai)液體(ti)(ti)電(dian)解(jie)質的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，存在(zai)爆炸(zha)的(de)(de)風險(xian)，但是在(zai)半固體(ti)(ti)凝膠(jiao)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，沒有(you)爆炸(zha)的(de)(de)危險(xian)并且僅(jin)有(you)輕(qing)微的(de)(de)膨脹。

與鋰離子電池相比，制造過程相對容易，使得可以批量生產和制造大型電池。它更輕，因為您不必使用堅固的金屬外殼。現在，應用程序正在擴展到超輕型筆記本電腦，無人機和智能手機。
什么是下一代電池？

鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)存在穩定性問題，因此(ci)許(xu)多(duo)公(gong)司和(he)實驗(yan)室正(zheng)在推(tui)動二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)以取代(dai)它們。此(ci)外，納米機(ji)器和(he)物聯網(wang)設備(bei)(bei)等(deng)超小(xiao)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現也推(tui)動了下(xia)一代(dai)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。目前，下(xia)一代(dai)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)包括鋰(li)(li)(li)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鋰(li)(li)(li)空氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鈉離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)所(suo)有固態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)(li)(li)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以實現比鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更高的(de)(de)能量密度，并且(qie)使用低(di)(di)成(cheng)本硫來降低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)制造成(cheng)本。鋰(li)(li)(li)空氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)使用氧氣作為(wei)陽極，使用鋰(li)(li)(li)作為(wei)陰極。從理論上講(jiang)，能量輸出(chu)(chu)（kwh）是鋰(li)(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)兩(liang)倍，每小(xiao)時的(de)(de)能源生產成(cheng)本約低(di)(di)5倍。

鈉離子電池使(shi)用鈉作為(wei)陰極而不是(shi)鋰。使(shi)用較便(bian)宜的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈉并且(qie)比鋰便(bian)宜是(shi)有(you)利(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。它有(you)望成(cheng)為(wei)強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下一代電池，因為(wei)它可以大(da)大(da)降低現(xian)有(you)鋰離子電池的(de)(de)(de)(de)液體(ti)電解質(zhi)著(zhu)火和爆炸的(de)(de)(de)(de)風險。

電(dian)池(chi)的發展和智能手機的未來

鋰(li)離(li)子電池重量輕，無記憶效應(ying)，目前在生活和生產上是使用最頻繁的(de)，一個電池使用在智(zhi)能手機(ji)。然(ran)而，由(you)于其(qi)壽命短，溫(wen)度敏感(gan)性和與其(qi)他電池相比穩(wen)定性低，因此(ci)它并不總是很好的(de)電池。

由于鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)比以前(qian)的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有(you)更高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量密度和更高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)動勢，因此高(gao)性能(neng)(neng)智能(neng)(neng)手機已經能(neng)(neng)夠使用(yong)很長時間。鋰(li)聚(ju)合物(wu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)重量不到1千克(ke)。現在，我期待看到尺寸小，重量輕(qing)，故障率低，溫度適應(ying)性增強，以及應(ying)用(yong)范圍，穩定性的(de)(de)增強這樣的(de)(de)新(xin)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現在我們的(de)(de)生活當中。