鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)動均衡(heng)方(fang)法(fa)是利用一種(zhong)主(zhu)(zhu)動往復充電(dian)(dian)的(de)元件(jian)，電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或電(dian)(dian)流轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)使(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)量從(cong)一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元轉(zhuan)(zhuan)到另一個上。這些(xie)器(qi)件(jian)可(ke)以被模擬或者數(shu)字控制。鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)動均衡(heng)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)兩個主(zhu)(zhu)要類別(bie)是電(dian)(dian)荷(he)穿(chuan)梭（原(yuan)文charge shutting）和能量轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)。

電荷穿梭

電荷穿梭的鋰電池組主動均衡方法包括一個可以使電量從一個特定的電池單元放出、儲存、然后傳遞給另一個電池單元的器件(jian)。目前有幾(ji)種電(dian)荷(he)穿梭方案，其中最讓人關注(zhu)的是“飛渡電(dian)容”。

控制系統(tong)閉合(he)適當(dang)的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元B；對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)后，開(kai)關(guan)(guan)就會斷開(kai)。隨后鏈接電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元B2與電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器C的(de)(de)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)閉合(he)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器C對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元B2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量取決于(yu)B1與B2的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差。

然(ran)后(hou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器以相(xiang)同的(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)與B3，B1…，Bn，B…連接(jie)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組中(zhong)擁(yong)有最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元會給C充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，然(ran)后(hou)C會為擁(yong)有最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。通過這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，擁(yong)有最高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元會將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)分配給其他低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元。實現這(zhe)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)只需要一個固定的(de)開關(guan)順(shun)序來閉合(he)或斷開適當的(de)開關(guan)。

要(yao)改良“飛渡(du)電(dian)(dian)容”方(fang)法(fa)，就(jiu)要(yao)實現智能的選(xuan)取(qu)需要(yao)均衡的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)。這(zhe)樣，電(dian)(dian)容器可以從擁有最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)充電(dian)(dian)然后將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)傳遞(di)給最(zui)低電(dian)(dian)量(liang)的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)。這(zhe)種方(fang)法(fa)可以顯著減(jian)少電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組達(da)到均衡的時間，尤其是當最(zui)高電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)與(yu)最(zui)低電(dian)(dian)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)位于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的兩端時。而這(zhe)就(jiu)需要(yao)另(ling)外的控制(zhi)系(xi)統來(lai)檢測和選(xuan)擇目(mu)標電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)單元(yuan)。

這(zhe)種方(fang)案需(xu)要在(zai)電(dian)容(rong)器C達(da)到峰值充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流時，有(you)很大轉換(huan)速(su)率（n+5）。對于一(yi)個(ge)有(you)較大電(dian)池(chi)失衡（Bn=3.0V，B=4.0V理(li)想的系(xi)統而言(yan)（電(dian)容(rong)和開(kai)關沒有(you)阻抗(kang)），1000uF的飛渡電(dian)容(rong)可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)1A的平(ping)(ping)均(jun)轉換(huan)電(dian)流、1kHz轉換(huan)頻率下，至(zhi)少以(yi)每小時1Ahr的速(su)率平(ping)(ping)衡這(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)單元。如果考(kao)慮電(dian)容(rong)和開(kai)關的阻抗(kang)，則(ze)系(xi)統充(chong)放電(dian)的時間(jian)常數(shu)有(you)很大程(cheng)度的增加(jia)，降低(di)實際(ji)均(jun)衡電(dian)流一(yi)個(ge)數(shu)量級或者(zhe)增。

加開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)流的峰(feng)值。使用的電(dian)(dian)容越大，完成一(yi)次可用充電(dian)(dian)（usable charge）的時間越長，從而(er)時鐘速率（clock rate）降低，轉換的峰(feng)值電(dian)(dian)流增加。大電(dian)(dian)池組（100Ahr）需(xu)要一(yi)個包含一(yi)個有很(hen)大轉換電(dian)(dian)流的大電(dian)(dian)容的電(dian)(dian)荷穿梭設備。這樣將有很(hen)多能(neng)量在(zai)電(dian)(dian)容器和開(kai)關上以電(dian)(dian)阻熱的形式(shi)浪(lang)費(fei)掉。很(hen)大一(yi)部分電(dian)(dian)量均衡是通(tong)過高電(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)池單元中的能(neng)量變成熱能(neng)形式(shi)浪(lang)費(fei)這樣簡單實(shi)現的。

另一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷穿梭方(fang)法是(shi)每(mei)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元共用一個(ge)“飛(fei)渡電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)”。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)不斷與(yu)兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元分別連接，從而實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)量從高電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元向低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元的移動。每(mei)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器只(zhi)需要簡單(dan)的控制來(lai)激(ji)活開關。

幾個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷穿梭塊（charge shuttling blocks可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)級(ji)聯(lian)成為(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)較高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元B2….Bn-1分(fen)別(bie)與它(ta)們相鄰的(de)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元共用(yong)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)飛渡電(dian)(dian)(dian)容，電(dian)(dian)(dian)量可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)從一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)末端傳(chuan)到另一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)。如果高電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元與低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元恰好位于(yu)整個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)兩端，這個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)方法會在它(ta)們之(zhi)間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量傳(chuan)遞上花費大量的(de)時(shi)間，因為(wei)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量將會通過每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元從而(er)耗費大量時(shi)間使得均衡效(xiao)率降低(di)。但是這種(zhong)方法有(you)(you)包裝上的(de)優勢：對(dui)于(yu)每(mei)兩個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)將它(ta)們的(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)打包成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)單(dan)(dan)(dan)獨(du)的(de)部分(fen)。當需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元增(zeng)加(jia)時(shi)，我們只要(yao)增(zeng)加(jia)這種(zhong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)獨(du)打包的(de)部分(fen)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)了(le)。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)穿梭技術對于混(hun)合動力汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)用處不大。鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓在剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)40%~80%時(shi)相對平穩。某個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)在高剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓并(bing)沒(mei)有比在低剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)的(de)大很多，除非(fei)剩(sheng)(sheng)余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)高至超過90%或者低至20%以下。

混合(he)動力汽車(che)電(dian)池工(gong)作(zuo)在中等剩余電(dian)量狀態下，此時電(dian)池單(dan)元(yuan)之間的(de)電(dian)壓差最小，從而(er)限制了電(dian)量穿梭技(ji)術的(de)應(ying)用。

電量轉換器

通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)轉換(huan)裝置，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池均(jun)衡利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感或(huo)者(zhe)變壓器(qi)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)從一個或(huo)者(zhe)一部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元傳遞到另一個或(huo)者(zhe)另一部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)池單(dan)元。目前(qian)來(lai)說有(you)兩種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)轉換(huan)器(qi)的模式：開關(guan)變壓器(qi)法(fa)(fa)和共享(xiang)變壓器(qi)法(fa)(fa)。

開關變壓器(qi)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)是(shi)與飛(fei)渡電容(rong)的(de)方法(fa)(fa)一樣共(gong)用一個(ge)(ge)開關拓撲。電流(liu)I取自(zi)整個(ge)(ge)電池(chi)組并(bing)在變壓器(qi)T處轉換。變壓器(qi)輸出(chu)由二極(ji)管D修正(zheng)后傳遞給電池(chi)單元B。，而具體傳遞到哪(na)一個(ge)(ge)電池(chi)單元是(shi)由開關S的(de)設置(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)定(ding)的(de)。這樣，整個(ge)(ge)裝置(zhi)(zhi)就需要一套電子控制裝置(zhi)(zhi)來選擇(ze)目標(biao)電池(chi)單元和設置(zhi)(zhi)開關S。

這種方(fang)法以消耗(hao)整個(ge)電池(chi)組的能量(liang)為代價(jia)迅速均(jun)衡低電量(liang)電池(chi)單元(yuan)。這種方(fang)法的缺(que)點有(you)：結構復(fu)雜、元(yuan)件數量(liang)多、以及由于磁損(sun)耗(hao)和開關損(sun)耗(hao)引(yin)起(qi)的低效率。

共(gong)享變壓(ya)器有一(yi)個單獨的(de)磁芯(xin)，該磁芯(xin)有對(dui)每(mei)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元(yuan)的(de)二(er)次分配。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)I主要在變壓(ya)器內變化(hua)，然后(hou)使各(ge)二(er)級(ji)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)產生感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)抗最(zui)小（由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元(yuan)Ba的(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低）的(de)二(er)級(ji)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)內會產生最(zui)強的(de)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。這樣(yang)，每(mei)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池單元(yuan)的(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與其相對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量剩(sheng)余百(bai)分比成反比。

共(gong)享變壓(ya)器(qi)中唯一(yi)(yi)起控制作(zuo)用的(de)部分是主變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)晶體管，不(bu)需要(yao)額外的(de)閉環控制。共(gong)享變壓(ya)器(qi)裝(zhuang)置可以(yi)以(yi)最(zui)(zui)小電量損(sun)失迅速均衡(heng)一(yi)(yi)組多(duo)單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)電池組。這種(zhong)均衡(heng)方法的(de)缺點是包含的(de)復雜的(de)磁感應以(yi)及需要(yao)大量二(er)級(ji)回路整流器(qi)。而(er)且，均衡(heng)回路要(yao)按照滿足最(zui)(zui)多(duo)電池單(dan)元(yuan)(yuan)的(de)情況設計，因為再要(yao)增加二(er)級(ji)回路的(de)數量十分不(bu)易。

使用(yong)一組初級線圈耦合(he)代(dai)替通(tong)過單一磁芯耦合(he)可(ke)以得到相同(tong)的(de)效果(guo)。這(zhe)種方(fang)法的(de)好處是各個電(dian)池單元可(ke)以有自己的(de)磁芯，這(zhe)樣可(ke)以在不(bu)改變主控制器的(de)情況下增加串聯電(dian)池單元的(de)數量。

這種共享變壓(ya)器的方法(fa)對電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)混合動(dong)力(li)汽車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)都(dou)適用。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)流I，設定得很小（<100mA/Ahr），這套(tao)裝置持(chi)續運行的均(jun)衡效率將(jiang)比任何主動(dong)均(jun)衡方法(fa)高。