到目前為止，針對不同的領域、不同的需求，人們已提出和開發了多種儲能技術來滿足應用。全球儲能技術主要有物理儲能、化學儲能（如鈉硫電池、全釩液流電池、鉛酸電池、鋰離子電池、超級電容器(qi)等(deng)）、電磁儲能(neng)(neng)和(he)相(xiang)變儲能(neng)(neng)等(deng)幾類。

化學儲能—鋰(li)離子電池儲能是目(mu)前最(zui)可行的技術路線(xian)

鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)最(zui)老的(de)也是(shi)(shi)最(zui)成(cheng)熟的(de)化(hua)學儲能(neng)(neng)方法，已有100多年的(de)歷(li)史，廣(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)汽車(che)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自行車(che)或摩(mo)托車(che)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、備(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)照明電(dian)(dian)(dian)源等。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要由鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)及其氧(yang)化(hua)物制成(cheng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液是(shi)(shi)硫酸溶(rong)液。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正(zheng)極(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要成(cheng)分為二氧(yang)化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)，負極(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要成(cheng)分為鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)；放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正(zheng)負極(ji)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要成(cheng)分均為硫酸鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)。鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可靠性好、原材(cai)料(liao)易(yi)得、價格便宜，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)其最(zui)佳(jia)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為0.1C左右，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)大(da)(da)于(yu)0.3C，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)一般要求(qiu)在0.05～3C之(zhi)間，很難滿足(zu)功率和(he)容量同時兼(jian)顧的(de)大(da)(da)規模蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)要求(qiu)。同時，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)可深度充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，100%放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)下對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)影響非常(chang)大(da)(da)（滿充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條件(jian)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)循環壽命(ming)不(bu)足(zu)300次），并且充電(dian)(dian)(dian)末期水會分解(jie)為氫氣、氧(yang)氣體析出，需經常(chang)加酸、加水，維護工作繁(fan)重，因此不(bu)適合在智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網領(ling)域應用(yong)。

目前可(ke)以應(ying)用于智能電網領(ling)域的化學電源主要(yao)有鈉硫電池、液流電池和鋰(li)離子電池。

鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池（NaS）以金屬鈉(na)為負極，硫(liu)為正極，陶瓷管為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質隔膜(mo)。在(zai)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作溫(wen)度下，鈉(na)離子透過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質隔膜(mo)與硫(liu)之間發生可逆反應，形(xing)成(cheng)能(neng)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)釋放(fang)和儲(chu)(chu)存。鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池比能(neng)量高(gao)（理論比能(neng)量高(gao)達760Wh/kg）、可大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、使用壽命長（10～15年），是目前(qian)較(jiao)經濟實用的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)方法之一，主要(yao)應用目標是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站負荷調(diao)平(ping)、UPS應急電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源及瞬間補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源等領(ling)域。目前(qian)鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池技(ji)(ji)術領(ling)先的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家是日本，截至2007，日本年產鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池已超(chao)過100MW。2008年，日本二又風(feng)(feng)力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站導入了(le)NGK公(gong)司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)17臺鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池系統，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力34MW，成(cheng)功(gong)地(di)抑制(zhi)了(le)最(zui)大功(gong)率(lv)為51MW的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)力發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)變動，實現了(le)計劃性(xing)地(di)進(jin)行功(gong)率(lv)輸出，為實現風(feng)(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)并(bing)網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)提供(gong)(gong)了(le)基礎。2009年，我(wo)國上海硅酸鹽研(yan)究所成(cheng)功(gong)研(yan)制(zhi)了(le)100kW級關(guan)鍵技(ji)(ji)術，成(cheng)為繼日本之后世(shi)界(jie)上第二個(ge)掌握大容量鈉(na)硫(liu)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池核心技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家。但是鈉(na)硫(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池需(xu)要(yao)高(gao)溫(wen)350℃熔解(jie)硫(liu)和鈉(na)，需(xu)要(yao)附加供(gong)(gong)熱設備(bei)來維持(chi)溫(wen)度，同時過度充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時很危險(xian)，因此在(zai)安(an)全性(xing)和免維護(hu)性(xing)方面存在(zai)不(bu)足(zu)。

全(quan)釩液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)始(shi)于(yu)1984年澳(ao)大(da)(da)利(li)亞新南威爾(er)士大(da)(da)學的(de)(de)(de)Skyllas-kazacos研究(jiu)小(xiao)組，它是(shi)一種基于(yu)金(jin)屬(shu)釩元素的(de)(de)(de)氧化還原(yuan)可再生燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)。液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)采(cai)用質(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)交換膜(mo)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)(de)隔膜(mo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)溶液(ye)(ye)平行(xing)流過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)表面(mian)并發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應，通(tong)過雙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)板收集和(he)(he)傳導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流使(shi)儲(chu)(chu)存在(zai)溶液(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)化學能轉換成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能。液(ye)(ye)流儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)額(e)定功率和(he)(he)額(e)定容(rong)量相互獨立，功率大(da)(da)小(xiao)取決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)堆(dui)，容(rong)量大(da)(da)小(xiao)取決于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)，可以(yi)通(tong)過增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)量或(huo)提高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)來實(shi)現增(zeng)加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量，通(tong)過更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)實(shi)現“瞬間再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”。液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)理論保(bao)存期無限，儲(chu)(chu)存壽命(ming)長，無自放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，能100%深度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而不會損壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。這些特點使(shi)得液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)成(cheng)為(wei)儲(chu)(chu)能技術的(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選(xuan)技術之一。目前液(ye)(ye)流儲(chu)(chu)能技術已在(zai)美國(guo)、德國(guo)、日本和(he)(he)英國(guo)等發達國(guo)家示(shi)范(fan)性應用，我(wo)國(guo)目前尚(shang)處(chu)于(yu)研究(jiu)開發階(jie)段。全(quan)釩液(ye)(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)難(nan)點在(zai)于(yu)通(tong)常使(shi)用的(de)(de)(de)總釩離子(zi)(zi)濃度(du)低于(yu)2mol/L，導(dao)致比能量只(zhi)有25～35Wh/kg，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)儲(chu)(chu)槽(cao)大(da)(da)、較難(nan)管理，而且正極(ji)液(ye)(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)五(wu)價釩在(zai)靜置或(huo)溫度(du)高于(yu)45℃的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下(xia)易(yi)析出五(wu)氧化二釩沉淀(dian)，影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用壽命(ming)。

相(xiang)比較而言，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲能(neng)(neng)則(ze)是目前儲能(neng)(neng)產品開(kai)發中最可行的(de)技(ji)術路線。鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有能(neng)(neng)量密度大、自放電(dian)小、沒有記憶效應(ying)、工作溫(wen)度范圍(wei)寬(kuan)、可快速充放電(dian)、使用壽命長、沒有環境(jing)污染等優(you)點，被稱為綠色電(dian)池(chi)(chi)。表1是鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉(na)硫(liu)(liu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)、液流電(dian)池(chi)(chi)和以鈦酸(suan)鋰(li)為負極(ji)的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)比較，可以看出，鉛(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用壽命較短(duan)，鈉(na)硫(liu)(liu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)不足在(zai)于工作溫(wen)度較高，液流電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)能(neng)(neng)量密度較低，而以鈦酸(suan)鋰(li)為負極(ji)的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)則(ze)顯示出綜合的(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)優(you)勢。

由于鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)為零應變材料，可以(yi)避免由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料的(de)(de)來回(hui)伸縮而導致結構破(po)壞，從而大幅度提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)；并且由于鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)具有較高(gao)的(de)(de)工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)位，即使(shi)過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)也很難(nan)在(zai)負極(ji)(ji)上形成鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)枝(zhi)晶，從而大大提(ti)(ti)高(gao)了(le)(le)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)安全性(xing)。這些改進(jin)使(shi)得鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)儲能(neng)領域的(de)(de)應用(yong)成為可能(neng)，目(mu)前以(yi)鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)為負極(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)儲能(neng)技術正成為國內外競(jing)相開發(fa)的(de)(de)熱點。2008年(nian)，美國Altairnano公司開發(fa)出1MW鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)系統(tong)，經(jing)試運行(xing)表明可以(yi)輸(shu)出250kWh的(de)(de)能(neng)量，能(neng)量轉換效率(lv)大于90%。2010年(nian)，日本(ben)東(dong)芝(zhi)（Toshiba）在(zai)年(nian)度經(jing)營(ying)方針(zhen)會上宣布將(jiang)采用(yong)鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)負極(ji)(ji)材料開發(fa)儲能(neng)用(yong)超級鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)（SCiB），憑借高(gao)功(gong)率(lv)SCiB鈦(tai)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)成功(gong)商業化，預計東(dong)芝(zhi)的(de)(de)SCiB儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)將(jiang)會很快面向(xiang)市場。國內中信國安盟固利動(dong)力(li)科(ke)技有限公司經(jing)過5年(nian)的(de)(de)技術開發(fa)，于2010年(nian)開發(fa)出了(le)(le)儲能(neng)領域應用(yong)的(de)(de)35Ah電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，

該(gai)電池循(xun)環壽命已接近8000次，可(ke)以5C倍率充放電，安全(quan)性能(neng)(neng)優異，目前該(gai)公司正在(zai)與合作單位共同開發兆瓦級儲能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)，預計該(gai)產品(pin)2011年可(ke)以面向市(shi)場銷(xiao)售。

除了以(yi)鈦酸(suan)鋰為負(fu)極的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰離(li)子(zi)動力電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以(yi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)領域(yu)外，隨著磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰正(zheng)極材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)負(fu)極鋰離(li)子(zi)動力電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)和(he)安全性也得到較(jiao)大(da)(da)提高，也可(ke)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)領域(yu)。2010年索尼(ni)推出(chu)(chu)了1.2kWh磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池模(mo)塊，具有最大(da)(da)2.5kW的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)(chu)功率。但是目前(qian)磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池還存在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性問題，即(ji)使單體電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命(ming)可(ke)以(yi)達(da)到2000次以(yi)上，電(dian)(dian)池成組后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命(ming)會大(da)(da)打折扣，并(bing)且磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心專利掌(zhang)握在(zai)(zai)一(yi)些國際大(da)(da)公司手中(zhong)(zhong)，磷(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產將面臨專利糾(jiu)紛問題。因此，目前(qian)鋰離(li)子(zi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池產品(pin)中(zhong)(zhong)采用(yong)(yong)鈦酸(suan)鋰鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池進行儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)應(ying)該(gai)是最可(ke)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)路線。