鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)不(bu)管用不(bu)用，都會持續進行小(xiao)電(dian)流(liu)的自(zi)(zi)我(wo)放電(dian)工作，這個(ge)自(zi)(zi)放電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)與很多(duo)方面的因素(su)有關(guan)，下(xia)面給(gei)大家做(zuo)一下(xia)介紹影響鎳(nie)(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)自(zi)(zi)放電(dian)的主要因素(su)有哪些？

1、溫(wen)(wen)度影響：通常情況(kuang)下，溫(wen)(wen)度越(yue)高(gao)，自放電(dian)越(yue)大；反之(zhi)，溫(wen)(wen)度越(yue)低(di)，自放電(dian)越(yue)小(xiao)；

2、與電池的帶電量有關。通常，鎳氫電池充得越(yue)滿(man)，自放電率也就(jiu)越(yue)高(gao)，這(zhe)里說的(de)(de)是(shi)平均值，當較高(gao)電池容(rong)量降到較低容(rong)量時，它與同等(deng)較低容(rong)量的(de)(de)其他電池自放電率是(shi)一樣(yang)的(de)(de)；

3、存(cun)放(fang)條件的(de)影響。鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處在一個導體環(huan)境中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)產生微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進程，意(yi)外原因造(zao)(zao)成的(de)瞬間(jian)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)甚至可(ke)能(neng)會(hui)造(zao)(zao)成短(duan)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)成容量(liang)損失，這種損失大部分(fen)是可(ke)逆的(de)，通(tong)過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為能(neng)夠得到補充，可(ke)怕的(de)是因此導致的(de)過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實際(ji)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于少(shao)量(liang)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)不帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下的(de)儲(chu)存(cun)與工作方式，往往會(hui)表現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)或(huo)者(zhe)零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，從(cong)而形成部分(fen)容量(liang)的(de)不可(ke)逆損失。減小自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是提高鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)的(de)重要(yao)內容，針對引起(qi)自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)原因，可(ke)以從(cong)以下方面著手(shou)改善(shan)：1、溫度環(huan)境：按照IEC規定的(de)規范化(hua)的(de)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，其儲(chu)存(cun)溫度以20?℃為宜；而其工作溫度一般在0~40℃較為理(li)想；

4、電(dian)池(chi)應(ying)帶電(dian)儲(chu)存(cun)，因(yin)為普通鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)率高達30%，所以盡(jin)量使電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)80%的(de)容(rong)量下(xia)儲(chu)存(cun)至少要有40%的(de)電(dian)量，因(yin)為電(dian)池(chi)在(zai)(zai)40%容(rong)量下(xia)的(de)自(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)率會小許多。如果容(rong)量不夠(gou)，很容(rong)易因(yin)為忘記補電(dian)而(er)使鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)處于過放(fang)(fang)當(dang)中；

5、存放(fang)(fang)環境應干(gan)凈整潔，以(yi)防灰塵中含有導體物(wu)質而(er)(er)使(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)加快。從機理上講，自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)大小與(yu)正(zheng)極材料在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液中的(de)(de)(de)溶解(jie)和它受(shou)熱后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)性，易自(zi)(zi)我分解(jie)有關，所以(yi)，鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)由其(qi)結構決定(ding)(ding)而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)避免的(de)(de)(de)，但控制自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)可(ke)逆的(de)(de)(de)范圍內則可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用者的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)確使(shi)(shi)(shi)用而(er)(er)達(da)到，除了上述三個方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)改善措施外，要及時充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)補充(chong)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量損(sun)失，以(yi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)會發生不(bu)(bu)可(ke)逆反應。市場上有一(yi)些低自(zi)(zi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，造(zao)價較高，但可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)一(yi)年后(hou)(hou)仍保持(chi)80%的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量，因而(er)(er)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數可(ke)以(yi)顯著減少。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)其(qi)他充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)樣，最重要的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)參數就是(shi)容(rong)量。通(tong)常意義上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量是(shi)指在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。IEC61436標準規定(ding)(ding)了鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)20?℃環境下(xia)，以(yi)0.1C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)16個小時后(hou)(hou)以(yi)0.2C放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至1.0V時所放(fang)(fang)出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量，這種方(fang)法以(yi)C5表(biao)示，即以(yi)5小時率放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量單位：mAh（毫安時）/Ah（安時）。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量是(shi)由其(qi)材料和結構決定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。

上述IEC標準規定的額定容量只是理論容量，在理論容量已定的情況下，無論采取任何方式都不可能使其超過既有容量。就特定電池而言，隨著電池使用時間和放電次數的增加，電池容量不可逆轉地逐步下降，對于這種容量下降，無論采取什么方法都不能達到理論容量。電池結構相同的鎳氫電池具有相同的比容量，比容量是指單位體積或重量的電池所給出的容量，分別稱之為重量比容量和體積比容量。這就是同一品牌鎳氫電池不同型號之間體積越大則重量也越重，容量也越高的緣故。例如，某一品牌的5號aa鎳氫電池總可以比號aaa鎳氫電池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更大(da)。市場(chang)上(shang)有一(yi)些號稱高(gao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其中(zhong)有真假之別。不同品(pin)牌同樣型號的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)，真正的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)應該(gai)表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)總輸出功率（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓乘(cheng)積）比(bi)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)大(da)許多，之所(suo)以(yi)如(ru)此，是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)高(gao)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)采用(yong)了高(gao)分子(zi)材(cai)料(liao)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)結構主要由AB2構成，這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)A表(biao)示(shi)鈦和釩元(yuan)素，B表(biao)示(shi)鉆和鎳等，區(qu)別在(zai)于稀(xi)土(tu)元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)減少，而普通鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)結構由稀(xi)土(tu)為(wei)(wei)主要元(yuan)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)AB5構成。可見(jian)，如(ru)果沒有高(gao)分子(zi)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加入，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)理論(lun)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)是(shi)無法提高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，市場(chang)上(shang)有些并未改性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也自稱高(gao)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，其實(shi)是(shi)以(yi)初(chu)始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)代替了額定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)。可能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)是(shi)：在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)中(zhong)多了增加初(chu)始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)，但卻以(yi)減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)穩定(ding)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)代價，結果就(jiu)是(shi)，初(chu)始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過循(xun)環幾十次使用(yong)之后容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)迅(xun)速衰(shuai)竭，而初(chu)始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)依然表(biao)現出良好性能(neng)。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)什么(me)用(yong)總輸出功率比(bi)較進(jin)行容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)才是(shi)科學對比(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因。