所謂雙離子電池是把傳統鋰離子電池的(de)正(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)進行了調整(zheng)，用廉價且易得的(de)石墨烯替(ti)代(dai)，目前已批量應用于鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)鉆酸鋰、錳酸鋰、三元或磷酸鐵鋰作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極(ji)材料；采用鋁箔(bo)同時(shi)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)負(fu)極(ji)材料和(he)(he)負(fu)極(ji)集(ji)流體；電(dian)(dian)解液由常(chang)規鋰鹽和(he)(he)碳酸酯類有機溶劑組成。

雙(shuang)離子(zi)電(dian)池的工(gong)作原(yuan)理(li)也有別于傳統鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池，充電(dian)過(guo)程中，正(zheng)極石墨(mo)發(fa)生陰(yin)離子(zi)插層反應，而(er)鋁負極發(fa)生鋁-鋰(li)合(he)金化反應，放電(dian)過(guo)程則相反。這(zhe)種新型(xing)反應機理(li)不(bu)僅顯(xian)著提(ti)高了(le)電(dian)池的工(gong)作電(dian)壓（3.8-4.6V），同時大幅(fu)降(jiang)低電(dian)池的質(zhi)量、體積(ji)及(ji)制造成(cheng)本，從(cong)而(er)全面提(ti)升了(le)電(dian)池的能(neng)量密(mi)度，從(cong)而(er)提(ti)高電(dian)池的續航時間。

為了(le)降低單(dan)位Wh的(de)成本(ben)，人們開(kai)發(fa)了(le)多種高能量密(mi)度的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)，例如Li-O2電(dian)池(chi)，理論比能量可(ke)達3600Wh/kg（2Li++O2+2e-=Li202，2.96VvsLi/Li+），遠高于鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)，并且具有環境友好等特點(dian)。為了(le)進(jin)一步(bu)降低成本(ben)，人們還以Na，Zn等替代金(jin)屬Li，開(kai)發(fa)Na-O2和Zn-O2電(dian)池(chi)，目(mu)(mu)前這些技(ji)術還都處在(zai)基礎技(ji)術研(yan)發(fa)階段，目(mu)(mu)前主要研(yan)究主要集中(zhong)在(zai)金(jin)屬-電(dian)解液界面研(yan)究和放電(dian)產物研(yan)究等方面，其(qi)中(zhong)Li-O2電(dian)池(chi)開(kai)發(fa)難度較小，研(yan)究比較充(chong)分(fen)，有希(xi)望能在(zai)短期內進(jin)行應用。

此(ci)外Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也(ye)是(shi)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱點，S的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論比(bi)容可達(da)1672mAh/g，理(li)(li)論比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量達(da)到(dao)2600Wh/kg，雖(sui)然遜(xun)色于(yu)Li-O2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但也(ye)要遠遠高于(yu)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。目前Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存(cun)(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要問題是(shi)，S的(de)(de)(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性(xing)差，接(jie)近(jin)絕緣體，體積膨脹大（80%），S正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嵌鋰產物(wu)會溶解(jie)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液里(li)，在正(zheng)(zheng)負極(ji)之間(jian)穿梭，導致容量快速(su)衰降，循環和儲存(cun)(cun)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)差。目前鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)上常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)酯類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液由于(yu)存(cun)(cun)在較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)副反應(ying)而無法在Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)上應(ying)用(yong)，所以Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一般(ban)采用(yong)醚(mi)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液，導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高溫性(xing)能(neng)(neng)很(hen)差。為了(le)克(ke)服(fu)(fu)上述問題，研究(jiu)者分(fen)分(fen)采用(yong)S納(na)米化、表(biao)面(mian)包覆(fu)改性(xing)和全新的(de)(de)(de)(de)固態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質等方法克(ke)服(fu)(fu)，目前Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)已經取得了(le)許多(duo)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)進展，因此(ci)Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也(ye)是(shi)最(zui)有希望在短(duan)期(qi)內取代鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高比(bi)能(neng)(neng)儲能(neng)(neng)體系。

上(shang)一個三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)時代，下(xia)一個三十(shi)(shi)年(nian)會是(shi)(shi)(shi)屬(shu)于那種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)呢？Li-S電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、Li-O2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，究竟(jing)誰會成(cheng)為鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)掘墓人呢？我(wo)們來分析一下(xia)雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)優勢(shi)，首先是(shi)(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本，雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)負極采用的(de)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)石墨材料(liao)，光是(shi)(shi)(shi)這一點(dian)就要比采用NCA，NCM和LCO正(zheng)極材料(liao)的(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)成(cheng)本低很多(duo)。其(qi)次(ci)是(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)保屬(shu)性，雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)幾乎(hu)不含有(you)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)成(cheng)分，正(zheng)負極的(de)石墨材料(liao)也(ye)很好處(chu)理(li)，不會對環(huan)境(jing)產(chan)生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)污(wu)染。最重(zhong)要的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)工藝優勢(shi)，目前的(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)設備和工藝完全可以(yi)(yi)用于雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)，可以(yi)(yi)說雙(shuang)(shuang)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)技術一旦(dan)成(cheng)熟，并開始推廣(guang)，現(xian)有(you)的(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)(li)(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)廠家可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)不更(geng)換設備的(de)前提下(xia)，段時間(jian)內實(shi)現(xian)快速轉(zhuan)型。