電池的知識是各類電動模型的基礎，對于模型飛機尤其如此。20多年過去了，動力電池已有了很大的發展，鎳氫電池、鋰離子電池、鋰聚合物電池相繼問世(shi).并先(xian)后在航模舞臺上閃(shan)亮登場(chang)。

一、什么叫動力電池

采用(yong)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)作為發動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)模型(xing)稱為電(dian)動(dong)(dong)模型(xing)，而推動(dong)(dong)這類電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)工作的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)便稱為動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)池(chi)。它同其他用(yong)途的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)有著(zhu)較大的(de)(de)(de)差異，對(dui)模型(xing)飛機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)性能至關(guan)重要(yao)。

二(er)、動力電池的(de)種類及(ji)其發展簡況

可以用作電動模型飛機動力的電池種類很多，有太陽能電池、銀鋅電池、鋰電池、鎳鎘電池、鎳氫電池等。太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)輸出電(dian)流(liu)偏小，必須把面積做(zuo)得很大才能(neng)(neng)使電(dian)動模型飛(fei)(fei)機飛(fei)(fei)起(qi)來，且造(zao)價很貴，因而很少有人(ren)問津(jin)。銀鋅電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的比(bi)能(neng)(neng)從(能(neng)(neng)量(liang)與(yu)重量(liang)之比(bi)，單位:瓦時/千(qian)克)很高(gao)，大電(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)能(neng)(neng)力很強，但(dan)重復使用壽命較短(duan)，且價格貴、易漏液(ye)、不能(neng)(neng)傾(qing)倒，因而除了過去(qu)在創紀錄(lu)飛(fei)(fei)行中被人(ren)們使用過之外(wai)，現(xian)已無人(ren)問津(jin)。目(mu)前，人(ren)們在航模上所用的主流(liu)品種(zhong)是鎳(nie)系列(包(bao)括(kuo)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池(chi)(chi)與(yu)鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩種(zhong))和新興的鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(包(bao)括(kuo)鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)與(yu)鋰聚(ju)合物電(dian)池(chi)(chi)兩種(zhong))。

電(dian)(dian)動模(mo)型飛(fei)機20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)之所以(yi)能(neng)在(zai)歐(ou)美國家開始流(liu)行，主(zhu)要(yao)是由于強有力(li)且能(neng)夠重復充放電(dian)(dian)的鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)當時(shi)(shi)已(yi)(yi)進人實用化推廣并大量生產階段。10余(yu)年之后才問世(shi)的鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)比(bi)能(neng)量方(fang)面顯示了比(bi)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)高出50%一(yi)I00%的優勢。但在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)能(neng)力(li)方(fang)面，很長時(shi)(shi)期里一(yi)直明(ming)顯落(luo)后于鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。然而(er)到(dao)了21世(shi)紀初，鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)做(zuo)到(dao)不亞于鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)甚至超過(guo)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，加上(shang)它的記(ji)憶效應小，對環境污染(ran)小等優點(dian)，日(ri)前(qian)在(zai)航模(mo)動力(li)上(shang)已(yi)(yi)被普遍采用，成(cheng)為主(zhu)流(liu)品種之一(yi)。而(er)鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)則由于會嚴(yan)重污染(ran)環境，在(zai)歐(ou)洲已(yi)(yi)被禁用，在(zai)我(wo)國也正被逐漸淘汰。

鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)早(zao)期(qi)只是作為(wei)一次性電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)，不(bu)可(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，它的(de)比能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)極高，但內阻(zu)很(hen)大，因而(er)無法提供較大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)模型飛(fei)機(ji)飛(fei)起來。但到了上世紀末(mo)，已(yi)經有能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠提供可(ke)重復充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，不(bu)過當時的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)價(jia)格很(hen)貴，而(er)且放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)也僅勉強能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使飛(fei)機(ji)維持(chi)平(ping)飛(fei)而(er)已(yi)(爬升靠銀鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi))。

早期(qi)，對(dui)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)研究(jiu)主要出(chu)于(yu)軍事(shi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)，后來在(zai)(zai)民用(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)巨大(da)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)利益的(de)驅使(shi)(shi)下(xia).人(ren)們對(dui)其給予了(le)(le)更(geng)(geng)大(da)的(de)關注與(yu)投入，因(yin)而(er)在(zai)(zai)20世紀(ji)末與(yu)21世紀(ji)初取得(de)了(le)(le)突破(po)性(xing)進(jin)展。目(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)，鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)已經(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)手(shou)機(ji)、攝像(xiang)機(ji)、手(shou)提(ti)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等領域(yu)淘汰了(le)(le)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)遙控模(mo)(mo)(mo)型飛機(ji)上的(de)推廣(guang)還是最(zui)近五六(liu)年(nian)的(de)事(shi)情。最(zui)初，由(you)(you)國外(wai)的(de)愛好者試用(yong)(yong)手(shou)機(ji)上用(yong)(yong)的(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)把飛機(ji)飛起(qi)來，并取得(de)了(le)(le)留(liu)空時(shi)間比鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)長(chang)許(xu)多的(de)優(you)異成績(ji)。接著，便(bian)吸引了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)型兩個行業的(de)制造商(shang)競相介(jie)入。然(ran)而(er)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)同航(hang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)結合(he)(he)起(qi)來不久，它(ta)的(de)同胞兄(xiong)弟鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)(he)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)顯示出(chu)了(le)(le)更(geng)(geng)強大(da)、更(geng)(geng)適合(he)(he)于(yu)航(hang)空模(mo)(mo)(mo)型的(de)實(shi)力(li)，從(cong)而(er)把鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)擠到一邊，迅速(su)成長(chang)為目(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)航(hang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)主流(liu)(liu)品種(zhong)。經(jing)(jing)過大(da)約(yue)兩年(nian)的(de)發(fa)展，鋰(li)(li)(li)聚合(he)(he)物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)前(qian)在(zai)(zai)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)已經(jing)(jing)優(you)于(yu)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，只是由(you)(you)于(yu)受充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、保養、壽命、價(jia)格等各方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)因(yin)素的(de)限制，才使(shi)(shi)它(ta)的(de)推廣(guang)受到一定的(de)制約(yue)。從(cong)長(chang)遠發(fa)展來看(kan)，航(hang)模(mo)(mo)(mo)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)從(cong)現在(zai)(zai)起(qi)相當長(chang)的(de)一段(duan)時(shi)期(qi)里(li)將是鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)天下(xia)。