鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池主要有的型號規格通(tong)常有A、AA、AAA、AAAA、AAAAA、SC、D、F等，民用電(dian)池5號為(wei)AA電(dian)池，7號為(wei)AAA電(dian)池，1號為(wei)D電(dian)池，2號為(wei)C電(dian)池。具體大小尺(chi)寸(cun)和容量如下(xia)圖表：

鎳氫電池循環工作的原理

鎳氫電池的電解質主要為KOH作電解液（電解質7moL/L KOH+15g/L LiOH）

鎳氫電池充(chong)電時
正(zheng)極反應：Ni（OH）2+OH-→NiOOH+H2O+e-
負極反應：M+H20+e-→MH+OH-
總反應：M+Ni（OH）2→MH+NiOOH

鎳氫(qing)電池放電時

正極：NiOOH+H2O+e-→Ni（OH）2+OH-
負極：MH+OH-→M+H2O+e-
總反應：MH+NiOOH→M+Ni（OH）2

以(yi)上式中(zhong)M為(wei)儲(chu)氫合(he)金，MH為(wei)吸附了氫原子的儲(chu)氫合(he)金。最常用儲(chu)氫合(he)金為(wei)LaNi5。

鎳(nie)氫電池過放電:
氫氧化鎳電極（正極）2H2O+2e->H2+2OH-
吸氫電極（負極）H2+20H-2e→2H20
過放電時，電池總反(fan)應(ying)的凈結果為零，由于在(zai)正(zheng)極上(shang)產(chan)生的氫氣會在(zai)負極上(shang)新(xin)化合，同樣也保持了電池體系的穩定(ding)。

鎳氫電(dian)池過充電(dian):
氫氧(yang)化鎳電極（正極）OH-4e->2H2O+O2
吸氫電(dian)極(ji)（負極(ji)）H2O+O2+4e>4OH

氫氧化(hua)鎳電(dian)極全充電(dian)態時產生的(de)氧氣(qi)，經過(guo)擴散(san)在(zai)負極上(shang)重新化(hua)合為水。既保持了(le)電(dian)池(chi)內壓的(de)恒定，同時又使電(dian)液濃度不致發生巨大(da)變化(hua)。

鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)電池(chi)(chi)由(you)氫(qing)氧(yang)化鎳(nie)(nie)正極(ji)，儲氫(qing)合(he)金(jin)負極(ji)，隔(ge)膜紙(zhi)，電解液，鋼殼，頂蓋，密(mi)(mi)封圈等組成(cheng)。在圓柱(zhu)形電池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，正負極(ji)用(yong)隔(ge)膜紙(zhi)分開卷繞在一起，然(ran)后密(mi)(mi)封在鋼殼中(zhong)(zhong)的。在方形電池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)，正負極(ji)由(you)隔(ge)膜紙(zhi)分開后疊成(cheng)層狀密(mi)(mi)封在鋼殼中(zhong)(zhong)。

鎳氫電池充放電曲線

鎳氫電池充電曲線

鎳氫電池放電曲線

鎳氫電池不同溫度(du)下的(de)放電曲線(xian)

鎳(nie)氫電池不同溫度下的放電容(rong)量

容量保持特性

鎳氫電池循環壽命

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鎳氫電池特點

鎳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)池與密(mi)封的鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池有關(guan)，但它們不同(tong)之處(chu)在于，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)被用作(zuo)吸氫(qing)(qing)(qing)負電(dian)極（陽極）上的活(huo)性元素而不是鎘(ge)。該電(dian)極由(you)(you)金(jin)屬氫(qing)(qing)(qing)化物制成，通常是鑭和稀土的合金(jin)，其作(zuo)為(wei)還原氫(qing)(qing)(qing)的固(gu)體來源(yuan)，可被氧化形成質(zhi)子。電(dian)解質(zhi)是堿性氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氧化鉀。電(dian)池電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1.2伏(fu)鎳氫(qing)(qing)(qing)電(dian)池于1986年由(you)(you)Ovonics的創始人Stanford Ovshinsky獲得專(zhuan)利(li)。

鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)負(fu)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)概(gai)念源自(zi)20世紀70年代(dai)用(yong)(yong)作替代(dai)能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲存研??究。觀察(cha)到某些金屬合金形(xing)成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)化(hua)物，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)捕獲（和釋放(fang)）氫(qing)(qing)氣，其體(ti)積可(ke)達自(zi)身體(ti)積的(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)千倍。通(tong)過仔細選擇(ze)合金成(cheng)分和比例，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)平衡(heng)熱力學以(yi)(yi)允許吸收和釋放(fang)過程在(zai)室溫和壓力下進行。現在(zai)該技術(shu)已經相(xiang)當成(cheng)熟，鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)已經開始在(zai)高(gao)(gao)壓汽車應用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)得到應用(yong)(yong)。能量密度是鉛(qian)酸的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)倍以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，比鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)高(gao)(gao)40％。它們同時接(jie)受更高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)速率(lv)以(yi)(yi)及微循環，從而實現以(yi)(yi)前沒有(you)用(yong)(yong)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組件(jian)包括氫(qing)(qing)氧化(hua)鎳(nie)(nie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)，吸氫(qing)(qing)合金的(de)(de)(de)(de)陽極(ji)和氫(qing)(qing)氧化(hua)鉀（KOH）電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質，它們比競(jing)爭對手的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)性化(hua)學品(pin)更加良(liang)性。與鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一樣，鎳(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也容(rong)易受到“記憶效(xiao)應”的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，盡管程度較小。它們比鉛(qian)酸和鎳(nie)(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更貴，但它們被認(ren)為更環保。

鎳氫電池

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鎳氫電池最(zui)近的發展

自(zi)引入鋰基電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化學品(pin)(pin)以來，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)化學一直受到嚴重影響(xiang)。然而，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)并(bing)未停滯不(bu)前(qian)。鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)在消(xiao)費(fei)類應用(yong)不(bu)同，幾乎完全被鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)取代(dai)，但是鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)仍然在汽車(che)應用(yong)中得到應用(yong)，它是為HEV供電(dian)(dian)(dian)的首(shou)選技(ji)術(shu)，并(bing)且(qie)已經積累了超(chao)過(guo)(guo)10年的無故(gu)障服務，因此(ci)可以持續使用(yong)。鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的工作溫(wen)度范圍(wei)已擴展(zhan)到100°C以上(shang)(shang)（-30°C至+ 75°C），遠遠超(chao)過(guo)(guo)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)目前(qian)可實現的溫(wen)度范圍(wei)，使鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)術(shu)成為汽車(che)應用(yong)的理想選擇。鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以處(chu)理EV應用(yong)中典型的高功率(lv)水平，有源化學品(pin)(pin)本質上(shang)(shang)比(bi)鋰基電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更安全，相比(bi)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)不(bu)需要復雜的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理系統（BMS）。早期電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)易受記憶效應的影響(xiang)，并(bing)也(ye)容易高自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，比(bi)鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)差十倍，但這兩個弱(ruo)點都(dou)已被克服，據稱(cheng)最近的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)可以保持一年的電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。

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鎳氫電池的優點

1.高(gao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量密度（W / kg）。 2.內(nei)部阻抗低(di)，但不如鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)低(di)。 3.典型的(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)壽命為3000次循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。 4.可(ke)(ke)以(yi)深(shen)度循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。 5.使用鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，已經(jing)證明在(zai)100％放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度（DOD）下(xia)有超過(guo)3000次循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。在(zai)較低(di)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深(shen)度，例如4％DOD，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)預(yu)期超過(guo)350.000個循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)。 6.堅固(gu)耐用 – 鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)承(cheng)受(shou)過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和過(guo)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件，從而簡化(hua)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理要求。 7.扁平(ping)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)(te)性(xing)（但在(zai)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)結(jie)束(shu)時迅速下(xia)降） 8.廣闊的(de)工作溫度范(fan)圍 9.可(ke)(ke)在(zai)1小時內(nei)快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian) 10.涓流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)通常不能(neng)(neng)(neng)與鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)一起(qi)使用，因為過(guo)度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)老化(hua)。因此，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器應(ying)配備(bei)一個計時器，以(yi)防(fang)止過(guo)度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。 11.由于放(fang)氣可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)會(hui)產(chan)生壓力(li)，因此它(ta)們通常包含(han)可(ke)(ke)重復密封的(de)排氣閥。 12.可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行修復。 13.環(huan)(huan)保（無鎘，汞(gong)或鉛(qian)） 14.由于使用更多良(liang)性(xing)活性(xing)化(hua)學(xue)品而在(zai)事故(gu)或濫用情況下(xia)比鋰基電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)更安全，這是高(gao)功率(lv)和汽車應(ying)用中(zhong)特(te)(te)別重要的(de)特(te)(te)性(xing)。

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鎳(nie)氫電池的缺點

1.自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率高。 2.可(ke)無(wu)限期存儲(chu)，無(wu)論(lun)是完全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是完全放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 3.雖然不(bu)像(xiang)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)那(nei)樣明顯，但會受到記憶效應(ying)的(de)影響 4.長時(shi)(shi)間存放時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)會老(lao)化。這(zhe)個(ge)問題(ti)可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過在重新使用之前(qian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)幾次來解(jie)決。這(zhe)種修復還有助于克服“記憶”效應(ying)的(de)問題(ti)。 5.高倍(bei)率放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)如鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi) 6.比(bi)鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)(geng)不(bu)容忍過度(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 7.與鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)必須包含安全通(tong)風(feng)口，以(yi)便在產生氣體(ti)時(shi)(shi)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。 8.鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)庫侖效率可(ke)高達85％，但通(tong)常(chang)僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)65％左右，并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷越快，盡(jin)管預計會有所改善。 9.雖然電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)能(neng)具有高容量，但它不(bu)一定全部(bu)可(ke)用，因為(wei)(wei)它可(ke)能(neng)僅(jin)根據(ju)應(ying)用提供(gong)低至50％DOD的(de)全功(gong)率。 10.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓僅(jin)為(wei)(wei)1.2伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)，這(zhe)意味(wei)著(zhu)需(xu)要(yao)許多電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)來組成高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。競(jing)爭的(de)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)通(tong)常(chang)具有3倍(bei)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（3.2伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)至3.7伏(fu)特(te)(te)(te)）和更(geng)(geng)高的(de)能(neng)量密度(du)。 11.比(bi)堿性原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更(geng)(geng)低的(de)容量和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。 12.稀土元素(su)鑭資(zi)源有限。主要(yao)是在中國(guo)。  

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鎳氫電池充電事項

1.每月完全耗(hao)盡充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)一次以避免記憶效應(ying)。 2.請勿將電(dian)池留在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器中。 3.慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法：恒流(liu)然后涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。 4.快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方法使用dT / dt充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)終止。 5.使用定時器切斷以避免長時間的(de)涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。

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鎳氫電池的應用

1.低成本的消費應用，然而鋰電(dian)(dian)池正在占領(ling)這個市場。 2.電(dian)(dian)動(dong)剃須(xu)刀 3.牙刷(shua) 4.相機(ji) 5.攝像機(ji) 6.手機(ji) 7.尋(xun)呼機(ji) 8.醫(yi)療器(qi)械和(he)設(she)備 9.汽車電(dian)(dian)池 10.高功率靜(jing)態應用（電(dian)(dian)信，UPS和(he)智能電(dian)(dian)網(wang)）。

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鎳氫電池的成本

最初比鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電池更貴，但隨著鎳氫(qing)電池產量(liang)的增加(jia)以及有毒的鎘(ge)(ge)基電池的使用被棄用，價格現在(zai)更加(jia)符合要求。大(da)約(yue)一半的鋰離子電池成本。