電池是一種電化學裝置，當將不同屬性的金屬放入電解質中(zhong)時產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反應的(de)一部(bu)分而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（OCV）隨(sui)著所(suo)使用的(de)金屬和電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質而(er)變化。

施加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷或放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池置(zhi)于閉路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（CCV）條件。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)(hui)提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會(hui)(hui)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)（就(jiu)像橡皮筋效應），負載(zai)和充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)下(xia)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)特性(xing)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流和內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)決定。低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)在負載(zai)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷下(xia)產生(sheng)低(di)波(bo)動；高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)過度擺動。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)穩定需(xu)要(yao)長達24小時(shi)，溫(wen)度也起(qi)作(zuo)用； 低(di)溫(wen)會(hui)(hui)降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，但熱量會(hui)(hui)升高(gao)。生(sheng)產電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池商也是通過分配標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行評(ping)級，除少數例外(wai)情況外(wai)，這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)遵循約定的(de)慣例。以下(xia)是最(zui)常(chang)見電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。

鉛酸電池

鉛(qian)酸的(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)每個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)2伏，但是當測(ce)量開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)和休息電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)OCV應為(wei)2.1V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。保持(chi)鉛(qian)酸遠低于2.1V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將導致硫酸化的(de)累積。在浮充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，鉛(qian)酸約(yue)為(wei)2.25V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，在正常充電(dian)(dian)(dian)期間更(geng)高。

鎳基電池

在消費類應用中，鎳鎘電池和鎳氫電池的(de)(de)額定(ding)電壓為1.20V / cell；工業、航空和軍用電池堅持原(yuan)來的(de)(de)1.25V。1.20V和1.25V電池之間沒有區別；標記只是偏好。

鋰離子電池

鋰離(li)子(zi)的(de)(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)3.60V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。一(yi)些(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池制造商將其鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池標記為(wei)3.70V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池或(huo)更高(gao)。這提(ti)供了營銷優(you)勢，因為(wei)較高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可以提(ti)高(gao)紙上的(de)(de)瓦特小時(shi)數(shu)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)乘(cheng)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等(deng)于瓦特）。當連(lian)接三個(ge)和四(si)個(ge)串聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池而不是更熟悉(xi)的(de)(de)10.80V和14.40V時(shi)，3.70V /電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池額定(ding)值也(ye)會產生(sheng)11.1V和14.8V。對于大多數(shu)鋰離(li)子(zi)系統來說，設備制造商堅持使用3.60V的(de)(de)標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)作(zuo)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

更(geng)高的(de)電壓是如何變(bian)動(dong)的(de)呢？

標稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是陽(yang)極(ji)和陰(yin)極(ji)材料(liao)以及阻抗(kang)的(de)(de)函(han)數。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)計算包(bao)括測量從(cong)4.20V 的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)到(dao)具(ju)有0.5C負載的(de)(de)3.0V 的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)截止(zhi)的(de)(de)中間點。對于Li-鈷，中間點約(yue)(yue)為3.60V。在具(ju)有較低內阻的(de)(de)Li-錳上進行相同(tong)的(de)(de)掃描，得到(dao)約(yue)(yue)3.70V的(de)(de)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。我(wo)們要(yao)注意，較高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)通(tong)常是任意設(she)(she)定的(de)(de)，并且不影響便攜式設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)操作或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)設(she)(she)置。但也有例外。

一些具(ju)(ju)有(you)LCO結(jie)構的鋰離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)表面涂層和電(dian)解(jie)質添加(jia)劑，可增加(jia)標稱電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓并允許更(geng)高的充電(dian)電(dian)壓。為了獲得滿容量，必須相應(ying)地(di)設置這(zhe)些電(dian)池(chi)的充電(dian)截止電(dian)壓。下圖(tu)顯示了典型(xing)的電(dian)壓設置。

鈷(gu)基鋰離子電池的電壓。必須正(zheng)確設置充電結束電壓才(cai)能達(da)到(dao)容量增益。

更高充電(dian)電(dian)壓的(de)(de)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池的(de)(de)循環壽命比(bi)普通鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池短，由于這(zhe)些(xie)電(dian)池主要用于消費(fei)產品，因此壽命可以(yi)與過時相協調，從而縮(suo)短電(dian)池壽命。由于獲得了Wh（Ah x V），因此運行時間(jian)更長。所有細胞必須(xu)符合(he)監管標準并且是安全的(de)(de)。

注意，磷酸鹽(yan)基(ji)鋰(li)離子(zi)的標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)3.20V和3.30V; 鈦(tai)酸鋰(li)為(wei)2.40V。這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)壓差使得這(zhe)些化學物(wu)質在電(dian)(dian)池計數和充電(dian)(dian)算(suan)法方面與常規鋰(li)離子(zi)不相容。