在日(ri)常生活中我們常見的電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)種類(lei)(lei)主要(yao)有(you)(you)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳氫(qing)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鉛(qian)酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和紐扣(kou)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等這些，由于它(ta)們生產制造使用的原(yuan)材(cai)料不(bu)同，讓它(ta)們之間各種都有(you)(you)自己的特(te)點，下面是常見電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)種類(lei)(lei)的特(te)點介紹：

鎳鎘電池(Ni-Cd)

電壓：1.2V使用(yong)壽命為：500次(ci)

放電(dian)溫度(du)為：-20度(du)～60度(du)

充電溫(wen)度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

鎳氫電池(Ni-MH)

充電電池

電壓：1.2V

使用壽命為：1000次

放(fang)電溫(wen)度(du)為：-10度(du)～45度(du)

充電溫度(du)為：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注：目前國產5號電池最高(gao)容量是(shi)3000mAh左右。

鋰離子電池(Li-lon)

充電電池

電壓：3.6V

使用壽命為(wei)：500次

放電(dian)溫度為：-20度～60度

充電溫度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：重量(liang)比鎳氫電池(chi)輕30%～40%，容量(liang)高出(chu)鎳氫電池(chi)60%以(yi)上。但是不耐過充(chong)，如果過充(chong)會造成溫(wen)度過高而破壞結構=>爆(bao)炸。

鋰聚合物電池

電壓：3.7V

使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次放(fang)電溫度為(wei)：-20度～60度

充(chong)電溫度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備(bei)注：鋰(li)(li)電(dian)的改(gai)良型，沒有電(dian)池液，而改(gai)用聚合物電(dian)解質，可以做成各種形狀，比(bi)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池穩定。

鉛酸電池

電壓：12V

使用壽命為：200～300次

放電(dian)溫度為：0度～45度

充電溫度為：0度～45度

聚合物(wu)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)優(you)點，體積小(xiao)，容量(liang)大(da)，缺點是壽命比18650短，因為使用(yong)不同設計和材料(liao)，有些內(nei)部有液體，有些是干性的(de)或者是膠(jiao)體性的(de)，且(qie)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)時性能不如18650的(de)圓柱形(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，所(suo)以需要大(da)容量(liang)小(xiao)體積的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)設備，通常使用(yong)聚合物(wu)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，最典型的(de)表現就是手機、平板電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)等設備。

充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，是(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數有(you)限的(de)(de)可充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，配合(he)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。市場(chang)上(shang)一(yi)般賣5號(hao)、7號(hao)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也有(you)1號(hao)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)好處是(shi)(shi)經濟、環保(bao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適合(he)大功率、長時間使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(如隨身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動玩具(ju)等)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)型號(hao)相同的(de)(de)一(yi)次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(5號(hao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)(shi)1.2伏，9V充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池實際(ji)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)8.4伏。現在(zai)一(yi)般充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數能在(zai)1000次(ci)左右。截止至2012年(nian)2月只有(you)五種(zhong)：鎳鎘(ge)、鎳氫、鋰(li)離子(zi)、鉛蓄(xu)、鐵(tie)鋰(li)。

鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電池正極板(ban)上的(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)是(shi)二氧化鉛(qian)(qian)，極板(ban)上的(de)活性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)為(wei)海綿(mian)狀(zhuang)純鉛(qian)(qian)，電解液為(wei)一定濃度的(de)硫酸溶液，極板(ban)間的(de)電動勢約2V.

鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)正(zheng)極板上的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)氧化(hua)(hua)鎳粉，負極板上的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)為(wei)(wei)氧化(hua)(hua)鎘粉，活(huo)性(xing)(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)分別包在穿孔鋼帶中，加(jia)壓成型后即(ji)成為(wei)(wei)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)負極板。電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)通常用氫氧化(hua)(hua)鉀(jia)溶液(ye)(ye).電(dian)池(chi)的(de)開路電(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)1.2V.

鎳金(jin)屬氫電池(chi)(chi)正極(ji)板材料為氧化(hua)鎳粉,負極(ji)板材料為吸氫合金(jin),電解(jie)液氫氧化(hua)鉀(jia)溶(rong)液。,電池(chi)(chi)的開(kai)路(lu)電壓(ya)為1.2V.鋰(li)離子電池(chi)(chi)用LiCoO2復合金(jin)屬氧化(hua)物在鋁板上形成陽極(ji),用鋰(li)碳化(hua)合物在銅(tong)板形成陰極(ji),極(ji)板間有亞(ya)微米級微孔(kong)的聚烯烴薄膜隔板,電解(jie)液為有機溶(rong)劑.開(kai)路(lu)電壓(ya)為3.6V.

鋰聚合物電(dian)是鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)的改(gai)良型,沒有(you)電(dian)池(chi)液,改(gai)用(yong)聚合物電(dian)解質(zhi),比離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)穩(wen)定.開路電(dian)壓3.6V.

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)代表電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可以存放多(duo)少電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，我們在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)外包(bao)裝(zhuang)上(shang)看到的數字一(yi)般就(jiu)指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量(liang)標識。用(yong)單(dan)位安時(shi)(shi)或毫(hao)安時(shi)(shi)表示。它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個復(fu)合單(dan)位，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)單(dan)位和(he)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)單(dan)位乘積構成，代表電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)恒定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下持續放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的能力。一(yi)節充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用(yong)200mA電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)可以持續10小時(shi)(shi)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)相乘我們就(jiu)可以得到這(zhe)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量(liang)是(shi)(shi)2000mA.H。如果(guo)將它用(yong)400mA放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，則(ze)可用(yong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)為5小時(shi)(shi)。

能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密度:單位(wei)體(ti)(ti)積或單位(wei)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)內(nei)所(suo)包含的(de)電(dian)能(neng)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，對于同樣的(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)要求，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密度高的(de)電(dian)池(chi)，體(ti)(ti)積可以更小，重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可以更輕。

C電(dian)(dian)流(liu):是(shi)(shi)(shi)指在一小(xiao)時內將充(chong)滿(man)(man)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)完畢或是(shi)(shi)(shi)將用盡的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)滿(man)(man)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小(xiao)。其實也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)時容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)數值大小(xiao)。1800mA.容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，C電(dian)(dian)流(liu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)1800mA。2000mA.容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，C電(dian)(dian)流(liu)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)2000mA。

開(kai)路(lu)電壓(ya):指電池兩(liang)極之間的電位差。

記憶效應:新的(de)電(dian)(dian)池，其電(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)料的(de)晶粒細小，可以得到最(zui)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)表(biao)面積(ji)。因為使(shi)用(yong)而使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池內容(rong)物(wu)產生(sheng)結晶，晶體化(hua)形成(cheng)后，晶粒增大,也稱(cheng)作(zuo)(鈍化(hua))，減(jian)小了可用(yong)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)面積(ji)，而且長(chang)大的(de)晶粒會造成(cheng)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)增大，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)降低，性能受損。這就是記憶效應。記憶效應發生(sheng)的(de)原因是由(you)于電(dian)(dian)池重(zhong)復的(de)部分充電(dian)(dian)與(yu)放電(dian)(dian)不完全所致。

自(zi)放電(dian)率:充電(dian)后的(de)電(dian)池，即使在不(bu)使用(yong)的(de)情況(kuang)下，也會(hui)自(zi)己逐漸失去(qu)電(dian)量，一(yi)般溫度越高，自(zi)放電(dian)越顯(xian)著。