1、以鎂(mei)作負極活(huo)性物質(zhi)的鎂(mei)干高能電池(chi)

其(qi)結構與鋅(xin)-錳(meng)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基本相(xiang)同。鎂的(de)(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢比較(jiao)低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學當量(liang)小，具備了作(zuo)(zuo)為高能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)活性物(wu)質的(de)(de)優(you)良條件。例如鎂-錳(meng)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)實際(ji)比能量(liang)是(shi)鋅(xin)-錳(meng)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)4倍,工作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓平穩，在(zai)低溫下也具有較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)能力，并且能耐高溫貯存。其(qi)缺點是(shi)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓滯后現象（接通后需要經一(yi)段時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓才(cai)能上升至終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值），滯后時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)約為2～3秒(miao)；由于腐蝕作(zuo)(zuo)用，鎂電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流效率低；不宜(yi)于小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流長時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)(jian)歇(xie)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

金屬-空氣(qi)高(gao)能(neng)電池:以空氣(qi)中的(de)氧氣(qi)作(zuo)為正極活性物質(zhi)，金屬作(zuo)為負(fu)極活性物質(zhi)的(de)電池。

2、鋰-非水電(dian)解質溶液高能電(dian)池

鋰(li)的電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學當量(liang)(liang)約為鎂(mei)(mei)的二分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，因此作為高能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的負(fu)(fu)極，鋰(li)比鎂(mei)(mei)更優(you)越。但鋰(li)與水(shui)要(yao)激烈(lie)反應(ying)，須采用有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)溶劑或(huo)非(fei)水(shui)的無機(ji)(ji)(ji)溶劑來配(pei)制電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)溶液(ye)，再加入(ru)無機(ji)(ji)(ji)鹽使之(zhi)導電(dian)(dian)。使用的正極材(cai)料主要(yao)有(you)固體氟化(hua)(hua)(hua)物、氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)物、氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物、硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)物。這些(xie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的理論比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)大都在(zai)1000瓦時(shi)/千克(ke)以(yi)上。其實(shi)(shi)際比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)也比較高。例如(ru)鋰(li)-氟化(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(Li/CuF2)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)為2毫安/厘米2時(shi),實(shi)(shi)際比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)可(ke)達250瓦時(shi)/千克(ke)。由于有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)溶液(ye)的比電(dian)(dian)導小，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度(du)不能(neng)提高,因此鋰(li)-非(fei)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)溶液(ye)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是一(yi)(yi)種高比能(neng)量(liang)(liang)、低功率的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。而鋰(li)－硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)物電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)重(zhong)負(fu)(fu)荷下(xia)放電(dian)(dian)，特別當外(wai)部短路(lu)時(shi)還會發生爆(bao)炸。

3、鈉－硫高能電池

是近幾年(nian)研制出的(de)比較成熟的(de)一種二次高(gao)能電(dian)池(chi)。它(ta)的(de)負(fu)極(ji)是熔融(rong)金屬鈉(na)(na)（Na）；正極(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質是熔融(rong)多硫化(hua)鈉(na)(na)（Na2Sx），通(tong)常充滿(man)在多孔(kong)碳中(zhong),碳作為(wei)正極(ji)集(ji)流體。需采用(yong)(yong)導電(dian)陶瓷管(guan)將(jiang)鈉(na)(na)與(yu)多硫化(hua)鈉(na)(na)隔開，以防直(zhi)接反(fan)應(ying)而引(yin)起自放電(dian)。此(ci)外，陶瓷管(guan)還(huan)起電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)解質作用(yong)(yong)。電(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)時,負(fu)極(ji)上的(de)反(fan)應(ying)為(wei)2Na─→2Na++2e-Na+

通(tong)過導電陶(tao)瓷管進(jin)入(ru)正極與硫(liu)發生反應形成多(duo)硫(liu)化(hua)物。當負極的(de)鈉(na)耗盡的(de)時候則放(fang)電終(zhong)止。為使鈉(na)和多(duo)硫(liu)化(hua)鈉(na)都處于液態,放(fang)電需在300℃左(zuo)右進(jin)行。鈉(na)-硫(liu)電池的(de)實際比(bi)能量已經達100瓦(wa)時/千克,充放(fang)電循環(huan)壽命可達2000個深放(fang)電循環(huan)，因此特別適于用作車(che)輛的(de)電力電池。

4、鋰高溫(wen)高能電池

以鋰(li)為負極(ji)(ji)，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)族（包(bao)括硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)物）和氯(lv)(lv)氣為正極(ji)(ji)活性(xing)物質，熔融鹽為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。由于(yu)采(cai)用(yong)熔融鹽，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在300～600℃間工作，因(yin)(yin)此鋰(li)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)高能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與鈉－硫(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)合(he)(he)稱為高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。液(ye)態鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)經多次充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環后易失去(qu)濕潤性(xing)；硫(liu)(liu)(liu)在高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)下要(yao)揮(hui)發(fa)，并有腐蝕性(xing)；氯(lv)(lv)是氣體，難以處理。因(yin)(yin)此鋰(li)高溫(wen)(wen)(wen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)研(yan)制的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)將向(xiang)(xiang)以鋰(li)合(he)(he)金為負極(ji)(ji)和以硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)物為正極(ji)(ji)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)展。如鋰(li)鋁合(he)(he)金-硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)反應為4LiAl+FeS2─→2Li2S+Fe+4Al。