鋰離子電池在(zai)撞擊點火(huo)時硬(ying)化液(ye)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質，可以防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短路和著火(huo)，我(wo)們應將粉末狀二氧化硅（藍色(se)容器）添加(jia)到(dao)塑(su)料(liao)層（白(bai)色(se)片）中，將塑(su)料(liao)內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)極分開（金袋），可防止鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)生火(huo)災。

為了使(shi)鋰離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更安全(quan)，研究(jiu)人員提出了一種最新的(de)(de)解(jie)(jie)(jie)決方案：液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)在撞(zhuang)擊(ji)時變得堅固。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液可(ke)以防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在汽車碰撞(zhuang)或掉落時發熱并(bing)爆炸起火(huo)。它的(de)(de)開發人員表示，它可(ke)以在當今的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)生產線中經濟(ji)高效地使(shi)用(yong)。鋰離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)單元包含兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)極，這兩(liang)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)極由薄塑(su)料(liao)片隔開并(bing)浸沒在液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)中。如果塑(su)料(liao)分(fen)離器破(po)裂，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)極可(ke)能彼此(ci)“接觸”，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短路(lu)并(bing)發熱，這可(ke)能導致揮發性液體電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)(zhi)點燃。

多年(nian)來(lai)，研(yan)究人員(yuan)一直嘗(chang)試(shi)用(yong)不易燃的(de)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更安全。但是(shi)(shi)這些固體(ti)(ti)(ti)（通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)塑(su)料(liao)或陶(tao)瓷）不會傳導離子(zi)(zi)以及它們(men)的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)對應物(wu)。一些團隊還(huan)在(zai)制(zhi)造具有糊(hu)狀半固體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)和(he)玻(bo)璃狀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。加布里埃爾·維斯和(he)他在(zai)橡(xiang)樹(shu)嶺(ling)國家(jia)實(shi)驗室的(de)同事們(men)制(zhi)造的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，但在(zai)受到應變時會變成(cheng)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)。因(yin)此，如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)被壓碎或撞擊時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)會硬化，使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)不接觸。研(yan)究人員(yuan)正在(zai)美國化學學會波(bo)士頓會議(yi)上展(zhan)示他們(men)的(de)工作(zuo)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)的(de)配(pei)方很簡單(dan)。靈(ling)感來(lai)源(yuan)于增稠(chou)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)。舉一個簡單(dan)的(de)例子(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)玉(yu)米淀粉和(he)水的(de)混合液(ye)。當你(ni)用(yong)力量擊打該混合液(ye)時，它會變稠(chou)并(bing)感覺很硬，因(yin)為(wei)玉(yu)米淀粉顆粒聚集(ji)在(zai)一起。

維奇和(he)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)事們將200納米范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)二氧化硅(gui)顆粒添加(jia)到傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)液體電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)中，這是一(yi)(yi)(yi)種稀釋的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰鹽溶液。 二氧化硅(gui)納米粒子在新的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)中聚集(ji)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)起，使其成為(wei)堅硬的(de)(de)(de)(de)固體，而不(bu)僅僅是濃稠的(de)(de)(de)(de)液體。做法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵是控制(zhi)納米顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小。“我(wo)們發(fa)現粒徑必須非常地均勻，”維奇說。“我(wo)們正在談論加(jia)或減一(yi)(yi)(yi)納米。”研究人員(yuan)使用一(yi)(yi)(yi)種稱為(wei)St?ber方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高度控制(zhi)化學過程產出幾乎相(xiang)同(tong)大小的(de)(de)(de)(de)顆粒。他(ta)說，只要電(dian)(dian)池處于(yu)擠(ji)壓狀態，材料就會保持(chi)堅固。另外，二氧化硅(gui)還可以吸收熱量，因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)不(bu)易燃燒。

在(zai)實驗室中(zhong)，使用新固化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質測(ce)試(shi)中(zhong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與填(tian)充液(ye)體的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)大(da)致相同。二(er)氧化(hua)硅納(na)米粒子確實降(jiang)低了電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質傳導離(li)子的(de)能(neng)力，這降(jiang)低了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量并(bing)減慢(man)了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)(su)(su)度。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容量以C速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)測(ce)量，其中(zhong)1C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)1小時內充電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，2C在(zai)30分鐘內充電(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。“我們(men)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)高達2C的(de)速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)下運(yun)行良(liang)好，這對大(da)多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品來(lai)說(shuo)都是可以接受的(de)，”維奇(qi)說(shuo)。

與轉(zhuan)換為固體電解(jie)質相反，含(han)二(er)氧(yang)化硅(gui)的(de)電解(jie)質可以結合到當(dang)前的(de)電池制造工藝中(zhong)(zhong)。需(xu)要首先(xian)用二(er)氧(yang)化硅(gui)納米粒子裝載塑料分離器并將(jiang)液體電解(jie)質注入制備(bei)的(de)電池中(zhong)(zhong)。然后二(er)氧(yang)化硅(gui)將(jiang)擴散到電解(jie)質中(zhong)(zhong)。“這是(shi)一種技術，而不是(shi)改造你的(de)生產(chan)線。”維奇說。