鉛蓄電池(chi)的充(chong)電方法有:定壓充(chong)電、定流充(chong)電和(he)脈沖快速(su)充(chong)電三種(zhong)。

1．定壓充電

定(ding)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)是指充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持恒定(ding)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。在汽(qi)車上，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池采(cai)用的(de)(de)就是這種充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方法。定(ding)壓充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)接線方法如圖(tu)1－12所示(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)曲線如圖(tu)1－13所示(shi)。

定(ding)壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，根據Ic=(U－E)/R可(ke)知，隨著蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢E的增加，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流Ic逐漸減小。如(ru)果充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)調節適(shi)當，則(ze)在充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為零，即充電(dian)(dian)(dian)完成(cheng)。

定壓(ya)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，被充蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源并聯連接(jie)，每(mei)條支路上單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的數目均應(ying)相等，同時還(huan)要選擇合適的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。若充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過高(gao)(gao)，將導致過充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，極板彎曲，活性(xing)物質脫落，溫升(sheng)過高(gao)(gao);充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過低(di)，將導致蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不能充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。一般單格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)選2．5V。

在定壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)初期，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大，4～5h內(nei)即(ji)可達到額定容量的90%～95%，因而(er)(er)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間較短，而(er)(er)且不需要照(zhao)管和調整充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，適用(yong)于補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不可調節，因此(ci)定壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不適用(yong)于初充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和去硫化充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

2．定流充

定流充(chong)電(dian)是指(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程中充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流保持恒定的充(chong)電(dian)方法，廣泛用于初(chu)充(chong)電(dian)、補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)和去硫(liu)化充(chong)電(dian)等。定流充(chong)電(dian)的接線方法如圖1－14所示，充(chong)電(dian)特性曲線如圖1－15所示。

定流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)，被充(chong)蓄電(dian)池(chi)采用(yong)串聯連接(jie)。每個單格(ge)電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)時(shi)需2．7V，故串聯的(de)單格(ge)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)數(shu)目=充(chong)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)額定電(dian)壓/2．7(個)。充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)應按小容量的(de)蓄電(dian)池(chi)選擇(ze)，待其充(chong)足(zu)后應及時(shi)摘出，再繼續給大容量電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)。

為縮短充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)通常分為兩個階(jie)(jie)段，第(di)一階(jie)(jie)段采用較大的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，使蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量得(de)到(dao)(dao)迅速恢復。當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)量基本充(chong)足，單格電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到(dao)(dao)2．4V，開始電(dian)(dian)解水產生氣泡時(shi)，轉入第(di)二階(jie)(jie)段，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)減小一半，直到(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)解液(ye)密(mi)度(du)和蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)達到(dao)(dao)最大值(zhi)且在2～3h內不(bu)再上升，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部劇烈(lie)冒出氣泡時(shi)為止。

3．脈沖快速充電

脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)必須(xu)用(yong)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)進行(xing)，其充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)波形(xing)如(ru)圖1－16所示。脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)過程是:先用(yong)額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)的(de)80%～100%的(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)進行(xing)定(ding)(ding)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在短時間內充(chong)(chong)至額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)的(de)50%～60%。當(dang)單(dan)格電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)升至2．4V，開(kai)始冒氣(qi)泡(pao)時，由(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路自動(dong)控制，開(kai)始脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)快(kuai)(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，首先停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)25ms(稱為前停充(chong)(chong))，接著放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或反向充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池反向通過一(yi)個(ge)較大的(de)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)深度(du)一(yi)般為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)1．5 ～3倍，脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)寬(kuan)度(du)為150～1000μs)，然后再停止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)40ms(稱為后停充(chong)(chong))，以后的(de)過程為正(zheng)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→前停充(chong)(chong)→負(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)瞬間放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→后停充(chong)(chong)→正(zheng)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……此(ci)過程循環進行(xing)，直至充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

脈沖快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)優點是充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間可大大縮短(duan)(新蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)5h，補充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)1h);缺點是對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)壽命有一定的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，并且脈沖快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機結構復雜、價格昂貴(gui)，適(shi)用于電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)集中、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)頻繁(fan)、應急(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)的(de)場合。

蓄電池充電的注意(yi)事項(xiang)

1．嚴格遵守各種充電方法(fa)的充電規范。

2．充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中注意對各個單格電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓和電(dian)(dian)解液密度的測量，及時判斷其充電(dian)(dian)程度和技術(shu)狀況。

3．充電過程中注意各個(ge)單格電池(chi)的溫升，以防溫度過高影響蓄電池(chi)的性能，必(bi)要時可用風冷或水冷的方(fang)法降溫。

4．初充電工作(zuo)應連續進行，不可長時間間斷。

5．配制和加注(zhu)電解(jie)液時，要嚴格(ge)遵守安全操(cao)作規(gui)程(cheng)和器皿(min)的使用規(gui)則。

6．充電時應備好冷水和質量(liang)分數為10%的(de)蘇打水或質量(liang)分數為10%的(de)氨水，用以(yi)處理濺出的(de)電解液(ye)。

7．充電時(shi)打開電池的加(jia)液孔蓋，使氫氣、氧氣順利(li)逸出，以免發生事故。

8．充電場所應裝有通(tong)風(feng)設備，嚴禁用(yong)明(ming)火照明(ming)或取暖等。

9．充電(dian)時應先接牢蓄電(dian)池(chi)連接線，停止充電(dian)時，應先切斷充電(dian)電(dian)源;導線連接要可靠，嚴防火花(hua)產生(sheng)。