1、放電實驗法

鋰電池組SOH估算(suan)使用放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)最(zui)簡單的(de)測量方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直至電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓接近(jin)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)額定容量比值的(de)百(bai)分比就是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)SOH。但(dan)是(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)缺點(dian)也很明(ming)顯，該方法(fa)(fa)(fa)無法(fa)(fa)(fa)在線估計電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)SOH，并(bing)且由(you)于需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備的(de)規(gui)格要求很高(gao)，會增加實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)的(de)成本，并(bing)且需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)(dui)設備進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)實(shi)時(shi)看護。若以0.1C的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，則需(xu)10小時(shi)的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，時(shi)間較長，同時(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)深度(du)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命造成影響(xiang)。另一種放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)局部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，局部放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)精(jing)度(du)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)有關

2、電壓陡降法

在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)使用初期，根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)在(zai)發生陡(dou)降(jiang)時的(de)特性(xing)(xing)來測量(liang)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)SOH。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)老化過程中，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部物質活性(xing)(xing)的(de)降(jiang)低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻變大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)陡(dou)降(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)都會發生變化，根據(ju)陡(dou)降(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與SOH的(de)關系來測量(liang)SOH。這種測量(liang)SOH的(de)方法簡單(dan)快速，但是不(bu)能夠進行在(zai)線(xian)估計，并且需要恒定負(fu)載進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實驗。

3、電阻折算法

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻與SOH存在(zai)一定的(de)(de)關系。SOH越低(di)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)阻越大(da)(da)，通(tong)過檢測電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流、溫度等數據，間接計(ji)算出電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻值(zhi)，然后根據SOH與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內(nei)(nei)阻的(de)(de)關系計(ji)算求得(de)SOH。但是電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)阻在(zai)SOH變(bian)(bian)化范圍不大(da)(da)時變(bian)(bian)化不明顯，而當電(dian)(dian)池(chi)老(lao)化嚴重時電(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化較大(da)(da)，因而該方法(fa)在(zai)SOH變(bian)(bian)化較小時，測量的(de)(de)誤差會較大(da)(da)。

4、鋰電(dian)池組SOH估(gu)算(suan)的循環次數折算(suan)法

是(shi)一種根據電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)使(shi)用次(ci)(ci)數(shu)來(lai)估算電池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命的(de)(de)方法(fa)，該方法(fa)將(jiang)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)壽命等效成循環使(shi)用次(ci)(ci)數(shu)。比如(ru)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)單次(ci)(ci)SOC的(de)(de)變(bian)化超過10%，則認為電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)循環次(ci)(ci)數(shu)加1，然后根據電池(chi)(chi)(chi)循環次(ci)(ci)數(shu)與SOH的(de)(de)關(guan)系求得電池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)SOH。

5、鋰電池組SOH估算的阻抗分析法(fa)

阻抗(kang)分(fen)析(xi)法是(shi)當(dang)今最前沿的(de)(de)SOH測(ce)量方法。Feder和Hlavac提出了采用單一頻(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)交流(liu)信號(hao)來測(ce)量電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)SOH，但是(shi)這(zhe)種方法僅在SOH值較(jiao)低時精度較(jiao)好。隨后Champlin提出了DFIS（離散(san)頻(pin)(pin)率導(dao)抗(kang)譜）技術，這(zhe)個(ge)方法是(shi)對電(dian)(dian)池輸入不同頻(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)信號(hao)，對采集到的(de)(de)數據進行分(fen)析(xi)來估(gu)算電(dian)(dian)池參數。

根據不同頻(pin)率的(de)輸入電流(liu)測量得到電池(chi)的(de)阻抗來(lai)估(gu)(gu)算電池(chi)的(de)SOH，目前已經應用在電動汽車的(de)SOH估(gu)(gu)計中(zhong)，其估(gu)(gu)計的(de)精度較(jiao)好。

綜上所述，估算(suan)(suan)SOH的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)大(da)致可以分為(wei)(wei)兩類(lei)，一(yi)(yi)類(lei)是不基于模型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)SOH的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，如放(fang)電(dian)(dian)試驗法(fa)，循環次數折(zhe)算(suan)(suan)法(fa)等，一(yi)(yi)類(lei)是基于模型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)SOH估計算(suan)(suan)法(fa)，如經(jing)驗模型法(fa)，電(dian)(dian)阻折(zhe)算(suan)(suan)法(fa)，阻抗(kang)分析(xi)法(fa)等。其(qi)中放(fang)電(dian)(dian)實(shi)驗法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)SOH結果(guo)最為(wei)(wei)準確，但(dan)是深度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)會(hui)對(dui)(dui)影響電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)命；電(dian)(dian)阻折(zhe)算(suan)(suan)法(fa)僅將電(dian)(dian)阻作為(wei)(wei)評價SOH的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據，但(dan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)老化(hua)時電(dian)(dian)阻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)范圍較(jiao)小，因此該(gai)(gai)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤差較(jiao)大(da)；經(jing)驗模型法(fa)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗，繪制成Map圖，但(dan)是該(gai)(gai)方(fang)法(fa)有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限(xian)性，針對(dui)(dui)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)繪制不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Map圖；阻抗(kang)分析(xi)法(fa)是目前最為(wei)(wei)前沿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，可以根據阻抗(kang)譜較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)直觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析(xi)SOH的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)，但(dan)是該(gai)(gai)方(fang)法(fa)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)較(jiao)高(gao)，每(mei)臺設(she)備約(yue)為(wei)(wei)5萬美元。