什么是(shi)(shi)鉛(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)？鉛(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)有什么關系？應該是(shi)(shi)很多朋友想要了解的。在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)網規模儲能應用和混(hun)合動力(li)汽車等領(ling)域，通(tong)常電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)要在(zai)(zai)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)流密度條(tiao)件下循環，即高(gao)(gao)倍率充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)操(cao)作，使得鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)常常由于負極硫酸鹽化而(er)失效，從而(er)極大地影(ying)響鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的使用壽命(ming)。而(er)鉛(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)傳統鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的基(ji)礎(chu)上加入碳，極大地提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的壽命(ming)。

鉛炭電池性能

鉛炭(tan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)時間(jian)為鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的八分之一，循環壽命為鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的四倍以上，與(yu)鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)，也具(ju)有低(di)(di)溫性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好、成本低(di)(di)、生產及回收工藝成熟(shu)(shu)等優勢，倍率性(xing)能(neng)(neng)也大(da)大(da)提(ti)高，鉛炭(tan)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在儲能(neng)(neng)領域的產業化應(ying)用已經(jing)開始走向(xiang)成熟(shu)(shu)。

我(wo)國科(ke)學(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)院(yuan)(yuan)士楊裕(yu)生認(ren)為(wei)憑(ping)借低成(cheng)本、安全、原料易(yi)得(de)、可靠、產業化技術(shu)成(cheng)熟(shu)等顯著優勢，鉛炭電(dian)池已經成(cheng)功(gong)應(ying)用(yong)于城市微電(dian)網(wang)、風光儲能(neng)電(dian)站、風電(dian)路燈等系統(tong)，還能(neng)為(wei)各種電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車供應(ying)動(dong)能(neng)，是(shi)符合我(wo)國產業布局和(he)制造水(shui)平的一種儲能(neng)電(dian)池。

鉛炭電池的構成

鉛(qian)炭電池(chi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種特殊的(de)電容型(xing)鉛(qian)酸(suan)電池(chi)，傳統的(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄電池(chi)單體是(shi)由一(yi)(yi)個(ge)二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)正極板(ban)(ban)和一(yi)(yi)個(ge)海(hai)綿(mian)狀鉛(qian)負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)組(zu)成，而不(bu)對(dui)稱超級電容器則是(shi)由二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)正極板(ban)(ban)和碳負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)組(zu)成。由于二者(zhe)有共同的(de)正極板(ban)(ban)，因此可(ke)以將二者(zhe)復合在(zai)同一(yi)(yi)電池(chi)體系內，即形成所謂的(de)鉛(qian)炭電池(chi)。

鉛炭電池的優缺點

相比于傳統鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)電(dian)池，鉛(qian)(qian)炭電(dian)池在負(fu)(fu)極加(jia)入(ru)了(le)碳材(cai)料。碳材(cai)料的(de)加(jia)入(ru)加(jia)速了(le)轉化過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)活性(xing)物質的(de)轉化，活性(xing)炭表(biao)面(mian)形成了(le)新的(de)活性(xing)中(zhong)心，降低(di)了(le)極板充電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)極化，并(bing)抑(yi)制硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)顆粒長大，有利(li)于硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)的(de)還原。所以在鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄電(dian)池中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)適量(liang)的(de)碳能(neng)夠(gou)有效抑(yi)制硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛(qian)(qian)晶體在負(fu)(fu)極表(biao)面(mian)的(de)積累，減緩硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽(yan)化的(de)趨勢，使得電(dian)池循環的(de)壽命顯著新增(zeng)。

同(tong)時，與在高倍率(lv)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)過程中，超級電(dian)(dian)容器能夠(gou)快速(su)供應(ying)和吸收電(dian)(dian)荷，發揮緩沖(chong)器的用途。因(yin)此與超級電(dian)(dian)容器的配合提高了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的功率(lv)，延長了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)循環壽命。

儲能系統構成

儲能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中，除了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)應用以外(wai)，還涉(she)及(ji)到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)（BMS）以及(ji)過(guo)程控制系(xi)統(tong)(tong)（PCS）等(deng)。BMS重要用于估測(ce)動(dong)(dong)力鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)(tai)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)剩余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)；在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中進行動(dong)(dong)態(tai)(tai)監測(ce)等(deng)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能(neng)量(liang)管理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的(de)一項關鍵技術。圖2展示了儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站運營管理(li)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)示意圖。

鉛炭電池的優缺點

當儲能(neng)(neng)電(dian)站配合光(guang)(guang)伏并(bing)網發電(dian)時，光(guang)(guang)伏組件(jian)首(shou)先利用太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板(ban)的(de)光(guang)(guang)伏效(xiao)應將光(guang)(guang)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，之后對電(dian)池組進行(xing)(xing)充電(dian)，通(tong)過逆變器將直流電(dian)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)交流電(dian)對負載進行(xing)(xing)供電(dian)；BMS根(gen)據日(ri)照強度(du)與負載的(de)變化，實時調節蓄電(dian)池組的(de)充放電(dian)狀態，使整個系統(tong)保持了持續性(xing)(xing)和(he)穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)。

電(dian)池組(zu)在整個儲能(neng)系(xi)統中起到了能(neng)量調節(jie)和平衡負載的(de)重大用(yong)途。它在用(yong)電(dian)低谷時將電(dian)能(neng)轉化為化學能(neng)儲存起來，以備供電(dian)不足時使用(yong)。而鉛(qian)炭電(dian)池本(ben)身(shen)更好的(de)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)接收(shou)能(neng)力(li)（100%深度(du)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)后，以2.35V/單位恒壓限流0.15C10（A）充(chong)電(dian)10小時，充(chong)電(dian)量在放(fang)(fang)出(chu)電(dian)量的(de)98%以上(shang)）；極(ji)低的(de)自放(fang)(fang)電(dian)；以及70%DOD預(yu)期循(xun)環壽命4000次、可回收(shou)的(de)特性，使得鉛(qian)炭電(dian)池相關于(yu)儲能(neng)系(xi)統相比(bi)于(yu)傳統的(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池更具有優勢。

鉛炭電池成本分析

由(you)第一部分分析可知，鉛(qian)炭(tan)電(dian)池是由(you)傳統的(de)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池與超級(ji)電(dian)容(rong)器結合(he)出現的(de)新型(xing)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)池，另外，在實踐(jian)中，由(you)于因此鉛(qian)炭(tan)電(dian)池的(de)成本與價格受(shou)到一系列要素價格的(de)影響，包括：活(huo)性(xing)炭(tan)價格與供給量、鉛(qian)價格波(bo)動、電(dian)容(rong)器價格以(yi)及其他因素例如添(tian)加劑石墨烯等。

從(cong)各(ge)項(xiang)原材料影響程(cheng)度來(lai)(lai)看，理論上鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)炭(tan)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)價格(ge)(ge)很大(da)程(cheng)度是(shi)由鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)價格(ge)(ge)來(lai)(lai)決定(ding)的(de)，關于鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)需求(qiu)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)較小，鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)價的(de)波(bo)動(dong)很可(ke)能(neng)(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)炭(tan)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)成(cheng)本的(de)新(xin)增。但另一方面，通(tong)常公(gong)司對(dui)下游客(ke)戶存在(zai)價格(ge)(ge)聯(lian)動(dong)，有時間差(cha)，所以鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)價的(de)波(bo)動(dong)也有可(ke)能(neng)(neng)給雙方帶來(lai)(lai)盈利。至(zhi)于導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)、延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)都很好的(de)石(shi)(shi)墨烯，相比(bi)于活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)而言，由于其高昂的(de)價格(ge)(ge)，使得鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)炭(tan)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)目前關于石(shi)(shi)墨烯的(de)需求(qiu)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)較大(da)，在(zai)加工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，更為普(pu)遍的(de)做法是(shi)加入一定(ding)量的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)炭(tan)來(lai)(lai)對(dui)傳統鉛(qian)(qian)(qian)酸電池(chi)(chi)(chi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)進行改善。

鉛酸電池應用

由于使(shi)用(yong)了鉛(qian)炭技術，鉛(qian)炭電池(chi)的(de)性能遠(yuan)遠(yuan)優(you)于傳統的(de)鉛(qian)酸蓄電池(chi)，同時又具有與傳統鉛(qian)酸電池(chi)相近的(de)低廉價格優(you)勢(shi)及(ji)成熟的(de)工(gong)業制造基礎(chu)，在各種(zhong)應用(yong)領域有著極(ji)強的(de)競爭力優(you)勢(shi)。

由于鉛(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)傳統的(de)(de)(de)鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上發展起來的(de)(de)(de)，它具有(you)很多優勢：一是(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)快(kuai)，提高8倍(bei)充電(dian)(dian)速度；二(er)是(shi)(shi)放電(dian)(dian)功率提高了3倍(bei)；三是(shi)(shi)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命提高到6倍(bei)，循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)充電(dian)(dian)次(ci)數達2000次(ci)；四是(shi)(shi)性價比高，比鉛(qian)酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)售(shou)價有(you)所提高，但循(xun)環(huan)(huan)(huan)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)壽(shou)(shou)命大大提高了；五是(shi)(shi)使(shi)用(yong)安全穩(wen)定(ding)，可廣泛地應(ying)(ying)用(yong)在(zai)各種新能源及節能領(ling)域。隨著產量(liang)增高，鉛(qian)炭電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)成本隨著規模效應(ying)(ying)提升而進(jin)一步下降，未來的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)前景更加廣闊(kuo)。