飛輪電池是一種新型機械儲能裝置的電池技術，它利用高速(su)旋轉的(de)飛(fei)輪將能(neng)(neng)量以(yi)動能(neng)(neng)的(de)形(xing)式轉化成電能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)起來。同傳(chuan)統的(de)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比(bi)較，飛(fei)輪電池(chi)(chi)(chi)具有更高的(de)比(bi)能(neng)(neng)量和(he)比(bi)功率(lv)，充電時間短，使用壽命長，無過(guo)度充放電問題。因此，可將飛(fei)輪電池(chi)(chi)(chi)應用于電動汽車中，使飛(fei)輪電池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)傳(chuan)統電池(chi)(chi)(chi)共(gong)同提供或(huo)吸(xi)收汽車運行(xing)中的(de)峰值功率(lv)。

1、飛輪(lun)電(dian)池系統結構

上圖為傳統電池和飛輪電池在電動汽車中的復合電源系統結構圖。該系統主要由汽車驅動電機模塊、電池模(mo)塊和飛(fei)輪電(dian)池模(mo)塊三部分組成(cheng)。其(qi)中E為傳(chuan)統電(dian)池的電(dian)動勢，R為傳(chuan)統電(dian)池的內阻，PWM1為電(dian)動汽車交流電(dian)機的變流器。

飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池并聯在(zai)(zai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)直流母線上，主要由高速飛(fei)輪(lun)、水磁同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和PwM2變(bian)流器構成飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在(zai)(zai)系(xi)統中起(qi)著(zhu)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能和制動(dong)(dong)(dong)能量(liang)(liang)回收(shou)的(de)(de)雙(shuang)重(zhong)作用(yong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)加速、爬(pa)坡(po)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，為滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)瞬時(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)功率要求，飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池快(kuai)速放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，它和傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)同(tong)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)提供(gong)能量(liang)(liang)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)減速、下坡(po)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)工(gong)(gong)作在(zai)(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態，飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池則工(gong)(gong)作在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態，它和傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池一(yi)起(qi)吸(xi)收(shou)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)制動(dong)(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)回饋的(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)正(zheng)常行駛時(shi)(shi)(shi)，其驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)所需(xu)功率較小，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工(gong)(gong)作在(zai)(zai)能量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持(chi)模式，僅由傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)即可滿足(zu)要求。

2、飛輪電池的充(chong)放電控制

（1）飛(fei)輪電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)控制

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)下坡或制(zhi)動時(shi)(shi)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工作(zuo)在(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態，向(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)直(zhi)流(liu)母線回饋人量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和傳統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池共同回收汽車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)動能(neng)(neng)量。飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池工作(zuo)在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)，飛(fei)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速升高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉化為飛(fei)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)也就是對匕輪(lun)轉速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，即對水磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運動方程式(shi)（4）可(ke)知，轉速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)在(zai)于(yu)能(neng)(neng)否精(jing)確地控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉矩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)(chu)。為了(le)滿足飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)求，采用(yong)(yong)基于(yu)轉子(zi)磁(ci)場定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矢(shi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，其(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)框(kuang)圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示在(zai)矢(shi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中，控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)與q軸重(zhong)合，即id=0，由(you)式(shi)（3）可(ke)知此(ci)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉矩te僅由(you)iq決定(ding)(ding)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)全部(bu)用(yong)(yong)來產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)轉矩，能(neng)(neng)夠保證較(jiao)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出(chu)(chu)轉矩。此(ci)時(shi)(shi)，水磁(ci)同步電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)就相當(dang)于(yu)一臺(tai)他勵直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)。采用(yong)(yong)id=0的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矢(shi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)時(shi)(shi)，由(you)式(shi)（2）可(ke)知定(ding)(ding)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞反應中沒(mei)有d軸去磁(ci)分量，水磁(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)不會產生(sheng)退磁(ci)現象。

（2）飛輪電池(chi)放(fang)電控制

電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)啟動或加速時，需要(yao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出很(hen)人的功率，飛輪電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)工作在放電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態上式中，E為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，R為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的內阻，udc為(wei)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)直流(liu)側電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。可(ke)(ke)見，控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的直流(liu)側電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓即可(ke)(ke)限制(zhi)傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。

飛輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，對其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)出的交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行PWM整流(liu)(liu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，采取直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)側(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)外(wai)環(huan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)內環(huan)的雙閉環(huan)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)策略。圖(tu)4為系統(tong)的控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)原理框圖(tu)。在飛輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)降或直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)側(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)擾動時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)外(wai)環(huan)保(bao)證(zheng)了輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的穩定。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)內環(huan)確保(bao)系統(tong)有快速的動態響應。

電(dian)(dian)壓調節器和電(dian)(dian)流調節器都采用帶(dai)限(xian)幅(fu)的(de)PI調節器，電(dian)(dian)壓調節器的(de)輸出(chu)(chu)限(xian)幅(fu)決定了(le)(le)飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最(zui)大輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)流，從而(er)限(xian)制(zhi)了(le)(le)飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)最(zui)大輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率。

針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)在頻繁加速和制動時(shi)傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)問題，將飛(fei)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池技術應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)中(zhong)可以(yi)延長傳統電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使用(yong)(yong)壽命。