電池組結構系統組成可分為低溫鋰電池和管理系統兩大部分，一個是電池電芯，一個是電池保護板和其它線材附件，管理系統(tong)的(de)(de)保護(hu)功能是通過電流正負回(hui)路的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)保護(hu)執(zhi)行機(ji)構(gou)來完成(cheng)的(de)(de)，其中正端的(de)(de)保護(hu)執(zhi)行機(ji)構(gou)由獨(du)立(li)的(de)(de)專用(yong)IC 來實現，構(gou)成(cheng)了保護(hu)功能的(de)(de)第二道“防(fang)線”。

上圖給出了電池組結構系統示意圖。電池部分由4 組電芯串聯而(er)成(cheng)，每組電芯(xin)包(bao)含了8 節(jie)并聯的2.5Ah 單體鋰電芯(xin)。

根據系(xi)統功(gong)(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定義，智能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)框圖可以用圖3.6 來表(biao)示。管理系(xi)統按功(gong)(gong)能(neng)可以劃分為探(tan)測(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、判(pan)斷和(he)(he)決策機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)量估(gu)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)交換和(he)(he)存(cun)儲機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、執行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)、均衡機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。探(tan)測(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)完成電(dian)(dian)(dian)流傳感(gan)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)采集和(he)(he)溫度(du)探(tan)測(ce)等功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)量估(gu)算(suan)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)則(ze)由探(tan)測(ce)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流數(shu)據，結(jie)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)現(xian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)，經一整套算(suan)法流程(cheng)估(gu)算(suan)出(chu)剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量。判(pan)斷和(he)(he)決策機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)用來研判(pan)是否(fou)出(chu)現(xian)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流、過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、過(guo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)、過(guo)溫度(du)等異常狀況(kuang)，并且根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況(kuang)做出(chu)決策，去控制(zhi)執行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)。執行(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)實現(xian)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)通路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)通和(he)(he)斷開。信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)交換和(he)(he)存(cun)儲機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)用來完成和(he)(he)儀表(biao)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)交換以及異常信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中均衡機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)可以消除由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異而(er)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各節電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度(du)不一致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。

系統工作流程

按(an)功能(neng)(neng)模(mo)塊(kuai)系(xi)(xi)統可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為異(yi)常(chang)(chang)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控模(mo)塊(kuai)、異(yi)常(chang)(chang)處(chu)理模(mo)塊(kuai)、通(tong)信(xin)和(he)記錄模(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量估算(suan)模(mo)塊(kuai)和(he)低(di)功耗管理模(mo)塊(kuai)，上圖顯示了(le)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)流(liu)程圖。按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)各項參(can)(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點可(ke)將監(jian)(jian)(jian)控參(can)(can)數分(fen)(fen)成快速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應參(can)(can)數和(he)慢(man)(man)速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應參(can)(can)數兩個類別。快速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應包(bao)含(han)了(le)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)兩個參(can)(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值會由(you)于不(bu)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作(zuo)或(huo)外部環境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)突(tu)發狀(zhuang)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)發生突(tu)變(bian)(bian)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)需要(yao)系(xi)(xi)統有非常(chang)(chang)快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)響(xiang)(xiang)應速(su)(su)度(du)(du)，以(yi)保證在出(chu)現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候能(neng)(neng)夠及時處(chu)理。慢(man)(man)速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應包(bao)含(han)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)兩個參(can)(can)數。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波動(dong)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，在某一段時間(jian)內(nei)數值比較(jiao)穩定。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容量越(yue)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)緩慢(man)(man)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)則正(zheng)(zheng)好相反(fan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯在充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中鋰離子在正(zheng)(zheng)負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嵌入(ru)和(he)脫嵌造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。出(chu)現短路或(huo)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)異(yi)常(chang)(chang)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)芯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻(zu)作(zuo)用也可(ke)能(neng)(neng)造成瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)升(sheng)，但這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種異(yi)常(chang)(chang)可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控來(lai)預防(fang)。根據快速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應和(he)慢(man)(man)速(su)(su)響(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，在設(she)計(ji)系(xi)(xi)統時，將監(jian)(jian)(jian)控分(fen)(fen)成連(lian)續監(jian)(jian)(jian)控和(he)周期性(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控兩種。連(lian)續監(jian)(jian)(jian)控功能(neng)(neng)需要(yao)全天(tian)候工(gong)，故這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)部分(fen)(fen)系(xi)(xi)統設(she)計(ji)時需要(yao)非常(chang)(chang)重(zhong)視低(di)功耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)；周期性(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)控是間(jian)歇性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)方式(shi)，工(gong)作(zuo)周期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)(du)可(ke)以(yi)綜(zong)合功耗和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精確度(du)(du)來(lai)考慮。

低功(gong)耗管理模塊是系統中節能的核(he)心工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)部分，它(ta)掌管著(zhu)所有功(gong)能模塊何時(shi)(shi)開(kai)始工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)開(kai)始何時(shi)(shi)停止工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)。上(shang)文中提到的連續(xu)監控(kong)功(gong)能需要全天候工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，故不受低功(gong)耗管理模塊管理；周(zhou)期(qi)性監控(kong)功(gong)能則由低功(gong)耗管理模塊來決定起始工作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間。

工作(zuo)的(de)流(liu)程(cheng)大致(zhi)如下：低功(gong)耗管理模塊首(shou)先等待監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)周(zhou)期的(de)到來，開啟周(zhou)期性監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)模塊，同時將監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)的(de)數據傳給異(yi)常(chang)(chang)處理模塊和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量估(gu)(gu)算(suan)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)模塊。異(yi)常(chang)(chang)處理模塊根據監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)的(de)反饋(kui)結果(guo)作(zuo)出相應的(de)處理，并將之記錄在存儲器中。外圍設(she)備可(ke)以讀出這些異(yi)常(chang)(chang)日志。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量估(gu)(gu)算(suan)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)模塊則根據監(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)控(kong)提(ti)供的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)數據開始(shi)對用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)流(liu)量進(jin)行積(ji)分統計，由此估(gu)(gu)算(suan)出剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和(he)剩余(yu)的(de)續航時間。這兩項估(gu)(gu)算(suan)結果(guo)定時向(xiang)儀(yi)器報告，以保證(zheng)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不發生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)低而被迫自動關機的(de)惡性事(shi)件。