鋰電池是目前電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)市場比較熱(re)門的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，日常生活用的(de)3C產品(pin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，如手機(ji)，筆(bi)記本電(dian)(dian)腦、無線耳機(ji)等。鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)工作原理方(fang)程式(shi)圖解如下(xia)：

如(ru)(ru)(ru)今，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)非常(chang)受歡迎。您可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦，PDA，手(shou)機(ji)和(he)iPod和(he)無(wu)人(ren)機(ji)中找到它(ta)(ta)們(men)。它(ta)(ta)們(men)是(shi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此常(chang)見(jian)，因為(wei)它(ta)(ta)們(men)是(shi)一些最(zui)有(you)活(huo)力的(de)可(ke)(ke)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)也(ye)有(you)時(shi)候出(chu)現在(zai)新聞(wen)中。那是(shi)因為(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)偶爾會(hui)(hui)(hui)爆炸起火(huo)。但它(ta)(ta)并不常(chang)見(jian) – 每(mei)百萬只有(you)兩三個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)出(chu)現問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti) – 但是(shi)當它(ta)(ta)發(fa)生(sheng)時(shi)，它(ta)(ta)是(shi)極度危險的(de)。在(zai)某些情況下，故(gu)障率可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)上升(sheng)，當發(fa)生(sheng)這(zhe)(zhe)種情況時(shi)，最(zui)終會(hui)(hui)(hui)導致全球電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)召回，這(zhe)(zhe)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)會(hui)(hui)(hui)使(shi)制造商損(sun)失(shi)數百萬美元。所以(yi)(yi)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)是(shi)什么讓這(zhe)(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)如(ru)(ru)(ru)此充滿活(huo)力并如(ru)(ru)(ru)此受歡迎？他們(men)如(ru)(ru)(ru)何(he)發(fa)生(sheng)著火(huo)？有(you)什么辦法可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)防止問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)或(huo)幫助你的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)更長壽嗎？在(zai)本文中，我(wo)們(men)將回答這(zhe)(zhe)些問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)以(yi)(yi)及更多問(wen)(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

tattu鋰電池

鋰電池很受歡迎，因為它們(men)具(ju)有許多重要優勢：

1.它們通常比相(xiang)同尺寸的(de)(de)其他類型的(de)(de)可充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)輕(qing)得多。鋰電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)極由(you)輕(qing)質鋰和(he)碳制成(cheng)。鋰也是一種高(gao)活性元(yuan)素，這意(yi)味(wei)著大量的(de)(de)能(neng)量可以(yi)存儲(chu)在其內部中(zhong)。這能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為鋰電(dian)池(chi)內非常高(gao)的(de)(de)能(neng)量密度(du)。典型的(de)(de)鋰電(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)在1千(qian)克電(dian)池(chi)中(zhong)存儲(chu)150瓦時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)量。
2.鋰離子電池組每月僅損(sun)失(shi)約5％的電量(liang)，而(er)鎳氫(qing)電池每月損(sun)失(shi)20％。
3.它(ta)們沒有記(ji)憶效(xiao)應，這意味著在充電(dian)之(zhi)前您不必(bi)完全放(fang)電(dian)，就像其他一(yi)些電(dian)池(chi)化學物質(zhi)一(yi)樣。
4.鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池可以處理數百(bai)次充電(dian)(dian)/放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循環。

但這并不是說(shuo)鋰離子電池完美(mei)無缺(que)。它們也有一些缺(que)點：

1.他們(men)一離(li)開(kai)工廠就開(kai)始退化。無論(lun)您是否使用它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)，它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)只能在制(zhi)造日期后的兩到三年內使用。2.它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)對(dui)高溫(wen)極其敏(min)感。熱(re)量導致鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)的降解速度遠(yuan)遠(yuan)超過(guo)正常情況。3.如果你完全放電(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，它(ta)(ta)(ta)就會(hui)毀(hui)了。4.鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)必須配備一臺車載電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)來管理電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這使得(de)它(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)比現在更昂(ang)貴。5.如果鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)(zu)發生(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)，它(ta)(ta)(ta)很可能會(hui)著火。

通過觀察鋰電池內部(bu)的(de)化學性(xing)質可以理解(jie)許多這些(xie)特性(xing)。我(wo)們(men)接(jie)下來會看(kan)看(kan)這個。

鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組有各種形狀和尺寸，但(dan)內部看起來大致(zhi)相(xiang)同(tong)。舉(ju)例如果您要拆開筆記本電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組，您會發現以(yi)下情況，鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)可(ke)以(yi)是圓筒型電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，看起來幾乎相(xiang)同(tong)AA鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)，或(huo)者它們可(ke)以(yi)是棱(leng)柱形的(de)，其(qi)內部包括：

1.一(yi)個或多個溫度(du)傳感器(qi)，用于監控電池溫度(du)；

2.一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)轉換器和(he)穩壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，以(yi)(yi)保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)安全(quan)水平3.屏(ping)蔽(bi)式筆(bi)記(ji)本(ben)(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦連(lian)接(jie)器，可(ke)(ke)讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)信息(xi)(xi)流入和(he)流出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)4.電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)抽頭(tou)，其(qi)監視(shi)各個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)容量(liang)(liang)5.一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)監控(kong)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)小型計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機，處理整個(ge)(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程，以(yi)(yi)確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)迅速(su)和(he)完(wan)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)為(wei)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)。如果在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)過(guo)熱(re)，計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機將(jiang)關(guan)(guan)閉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源以(yi)(yi)試圖降溫。如果您將(jiang)筆(bi)記(ji)本(ben)(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦放(fang)(fang)在(zai)極(ji)熱(re)的(de)(de)汽車(che)中(zhong)并嘗試使(shi)用(yong)筆(bi)記(ji)本(ben)(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)臺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)會阻止您在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)冷卻之前通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)完(wan)全(quan)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)將(jiang)因(yin)(yin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)損(sun)壞而(er)(er)關(guan)(guan)閉。它還可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)跟蹤充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環次數并發送信息(xi)(xi)，以(yi)(yi)便筆(bi)記(ji)本(ben)(ben)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)表可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)告訴您電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)剩(sheng)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)。它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺相當精致的(de)(de)小型計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機，它從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)獲取能(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)功率(lv)消(xiao)耗是(shi)(shi)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)閑置時每月損(sun)失5％功率(lv)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)原因(yin)(yin)。與大多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣，您的(de)(de)外(wai)殼由金(jin)屬(shu)制(zhi)成(cheng)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)里使(shi)用(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)特別重要，因(yin)(yin)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)加壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)金(jin)屬(shu)外(wai)殼有一(yi)(yi)(yi)些通(tong)氣孔。如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)變得太(tai)熱(re)以(yi)(yi)至(zhi)于有可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)因(yin)(yin)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)而(er)(er)爆炸，那么這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)通(tong)風口(kou)會釋放(fang)(fang)額外(wai)的(de)(de)壓(ya)(ya)力。之后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)會沒用(yong)，所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)要避(bi)免的(de)(de)。通(tong)風口(kou)嚴格作為(wei)安全(quan)措(cuo)施。所以(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)正溫度(du)系數（PTC）開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，是(shi)(shi)應該從過(guo)熱(re)而(er)(er)保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)裝置。

鋰電池組價格昂貴(gui)，所以如果你(ni)想讓你(ni)的(de)電池壽命更長，請(qing)記住以下幾點：

1.鋰離(li)子化學優選局部放電(dian)(dian)至深(shen)度放電(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此最(zui)好避免將電(dian)(dian)池一直降至零。由于鋰離(li)子化學沒有(you)“記(ji)憶”，因(yin)此不會(hui)因(yin)局部放電(dian)(dian)而損(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)池組。如(ru)果鋰電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)壓下降到一定水平以下，它(ta)就會(hui)毀了(le)。

2.鋰電(dian)池(chi)老化。他(ta)們(men)(men)只持(chi)續(xu)兩到(dao)三(san)年，即使他(ta)們(men)(men)放(fang)在(zai)未(wei)使用的(de)架子上。因此，不要(yao)因為電(dian)池(chi)組將持(chi)續(xu)五年而“避免使用”電(dian)池(chi)。此外，如(ru)果您(nin)要(yao)購買新電(dian)池(chi)組，您(nin)需(xu)要(yao)確保(bao)它真(zhen)的(de)是新的(de)。如(ru)果它已經在(zai)商店(dian)的(de)架子上放(fang)了一年，它將不會持(chi)續(xu)很(hen)長時間。制(zhi)造日期很(hen)重要(yao)。3.避免發熱，發熱會降低電(dian)池(chi)性能(neng)。

現在我們知道如何讓鋰電池保持更長的工作時間，那讓我們來看看它們為什么會爆炸。

如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱(re)到(dao)足以點(dian)燃(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液，就會著火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。網上有視頻(pin)剪輯和照片(pian)，會顯示這(zhe)些火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)的(de)(de)(de)嚴重程度(du)。當發(fa)生這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)時，通常是(shi)(shi)由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)短(duan)路(lu)引起的(de)(de)(de)。鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)里(li)(li)面有一(yi)個隔(ge)離片(pian)，可以保持正極和負極分開(kai)。如(ru)果(guo)該片(pian)被(bei)刺破并且電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極接觸，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)將非常快(kuai)速地(di)發(fa)熱(re)。如(ru)果(guo)你把(ba)一(yi)個普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)9伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放在口袋里(li)(li)，你可能已經體驗過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)那種熱(re)量。如(ru)果(guo)硬(ying)幣在兩個端子之(zhi)間短(duan)路(lu)，則(ze)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)會變熱(re)。在隔(ge)板故(gu)障(zhang)中，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)發(fa)生同樣的(de)(de)(de)短(duan)路(lu)。由于鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)非常有活力，因此它們(men)非常熱(re)。熱(re)量使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)排(pai)出用作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)有機溶劑，并且熱(re)量（或附近的(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)）可以點(dian)亮它。一(yi)旦在其中一(yi)個鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內發(fa)生這(zhe)種情況(kuang)，火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)量就會流向(xiang)其他鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，導致(zhi)整個包裝都會起火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)。重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)要(yao)注意火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)災(zai)是(shi)(shi)非常罕見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)。

鋰電池內部結構圖

這個金屬外殼有一個長螺旋，包括三個壓在一起的薄片：

1.一個(ge)正(zheng)極
2.一個(ge)負極
3.一個(ge)分(fen)離器

在殼體(ti)內部(bu)，這些(xie)片材浸沒在充當(dang)電(dian)解質的(de)有(you)機溶劑(ji)(ji)中。醚是一種常見的(de)溶劑(ji)(ji)。隔板(ban)是非常薄(bo)的(de)微(wei)孔塑(su)料(liao)板(ban)。顧名思義，它將正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)和負極(ji)(ji)分開，同時(shi)允許離子通過。正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)由(you)鋰(li)鈷(gu)氧化物或氧化鈷(gu)鋰(li)（LiCoO 2）制成。負極(ji)(ji)由(you)碳制成。

當鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，鋰(li)離子通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)解質從正電(dian)(dian)極(ji)移動(dong)到(dao)負(fu)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)并附著到(dao)碳上。

在鋰電(dian)池放電(dian)期(qi)間，鋰離(li)子從碳移回(hui)到氧(yang)化鈷鋰（LiCoO 2）。

這(zhe)些鋰離子(zi)的(de)運動發生(sheng)在(zai)(zai)相當高的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓下，因此(ci)每個電(dian)(dian)池產生(sheng)3.7伏特。這(zhe)遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于您在(zai)(zai)超(chao)市購買(mai)的(de)普通AA堿性電(dian)(dian)池的(de)1.5伏特，并且有助于在(zai)(zai)手機等小(xiao)型設(she)備中使鋰電(dian)(dian)池更加緊湊。