隨著國內可持(chi)續環保發展的(de)政策要(yao)求，在(zai)漁業(ye)的(de)漁船(chuan)由燃(ran)油驅(qu)動(dong)改為電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)驅(qu)動(dong)將成為趨勢，用(yong)作船(chuan)用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用(yong)什么電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)好呢？下(xia)面(mian)我們從船(chuan)用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)種類來(lai)談(tan)談(tan)船(chuan)用(yong)哪種電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)好？

總體(ti)來說船(chuan)用蓄電池主要(yao)有(you)兩類，一個是(shi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電池，另(ling)一個是(shi)鋰電池蓄電池，它們同時又有(you)類型上(shang)的細(xi)分。

鉛蓄電池：液態鉛酸蓄電池、膠體蓄電池、免維護鉛酸蓄電池等；鋰電池：磷酸鐵鋰電池、普通鋰離子電池、聚合物鋰電池、三元鋰電池等。

一、鋰電(dian)池用作船用蓄電(dian)池

1、一(yi)般普通(tong)鋰離子電池(chi)

普通鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)耐(nai)(nai)高溫方面不(bu)(bu)如磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)耐(nai)(nai)低溫方面不(bu)(bu)如聚合物鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，安全(quan)性能(neng)方面不(bu)(bu)如鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，因此其裝備(bei)價格是(shi)(shi)比較低的(de)，當然其一般用(yong)作照明儲(chu)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)源，滿(man)足應急照明就好。其安放位置一般是(shi)(shi)能(neng)維持常溫的(de)地方。目前(qian)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)鋼(gang)殼鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)多為普通鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，也有(you)部分定(ding)制的(de)磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。圓(yuan)(yuan)柱(zhu)形(xing)鋼(gang)殼鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)早(zao)形(xing)狀和容量上(shang)受(shou)很(hen)大的(de)限(xian)制外，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)積重量上(shang)也是(shi)(shi)很(hen)大很(hen)重，并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)船用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)理想選擇(ze)。

2、聚合物鋰電池

聚合物鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)基(ji)本都是軟包鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)式，用(yong)的(de)(de)是疊片式生產工藝，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)其在(zai)體積(ji)、容(rong)量和外形(xing)(xing)設計(ji)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)自由度更高，是集體積(ji)小、重量輕、容(rong)量大(da)于一體的(de)(de)優選船(chuan)用(yong)鋰電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，但(dan)是由于其制作(zuo)成本相對比較(jiao)高，加上(shang)(shang)能(neng)量密度比較(jiao)高，安(an)全性能(neng)比較(jiao)難(nan)保障，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)(ci)很難(nan)在(zai)漁船(chuan)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)領(ling)域(yu)展開推(tui)廣使用(yong)。

2、磷酸鐵鋰電池

磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)性(xing)(xing)能方面比一般(ban)儲能鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)好，其具(ju)有耐高溫(wen)(wen)，具(ju)備一定(ding)倍率的大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)能力，普(pu)通磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能比較差，但是(shi)(shi)經過(guo)改(gai)良的鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)，在低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能上比鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)略(lve)(lve)好，比聚合物鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)略(lve)(lve)差，但是(shi)(shi)高溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能則會有所下(xia)降(jiang)。從安裝成本上來說，磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)比鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)貴，比聚合物鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)低(di)些(xie)，因此(ci)目(mu)前(qian)船舶電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用的種類大(da)多(duo)數是(shi)(shi)磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)，因為在同(tong)等常溫(wen)(wen)應用下(xia)，使(shi)用鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)更加劃算些(xie)。

磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有廠(chang)家生(sheng)產技術水平和使(shi)用(yong)材料的(de)不同，在使(shi)用(yong)性能效果和循環壽(shou)命(ming)上(shang)會有差別。想(xiang)格瑞普電(dian)(dian)池(chi)廠(chang)家生(sheng)產制造鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)多年，使(shi)用(yong)專有專利電(dian)(dian)池(chi)配方(fang)生(sheng)產制造的(de)磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)有低(di)溫磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、高倍率磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)和常規磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)三(san)大種類(lei)，可以根(gen)據船舶電(dian)(dian)池(chi)實際應用(yong)要求(qiu)設(she)計(ji)定(ding)制一整套的(de)備用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系統。

二、鉛酸蓄電池(chi)(chi)用(yong)作船用(yong)蓄電池(chi)(chi)

一般船用酸性蓄電池的極板采用鉛銷合金制成的柵格式，柵格中壓入活性物質。正極板的活性物質是二氧化鉛（Pb02）負極板的活性物質是海綿狀純鉛。為了增大容量，蓄電池的正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)板和(he)負極(ji)(ji)板都制成(cheng)好(hao)多片(pian)，分(fen)別(bie)并聯(lian)在一起，接成(cheng)兩組，構(gou)成(cheng)蓄電池的正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)和(he)負極(ji)(ji)。

蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)總(zong)比(bi)正(zheng)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多(duo)一塊(kuai)，每塊(kuai)正(zheng)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)夾在兩塊(kuai)負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)當中，使(shi)正(zheng)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)兩面(mian)都起(qi)化學反應(ying)，產生(sheng)同樣的(de)(de)(de)膨(peng)脹和收(shou)縮(suo)，減(jian)少極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)彎曲的(de)(de)(de)機會，從而(er)(er)延(yan)長(chang)了(le)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命。隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)是使(shi)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)、負(fu)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)互相(xiang)絕緣，可用(yong)(yong)木板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、硬橡皮、塑料等制(zhi)成。為了(le)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)解液能(neng)自由地流通，隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)構造應(ying)是多(duo)孔的(de)(de)(de)，但是不能(neng)使(shi)脫(tuo)落的(de)(de)(de)活性物質經(jing)過隔板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)而(er)(er)與相(xiang)鄰極板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)接觸。

堿(jian)性蓄(xu)(xu)電池由(you)于極板活(huo)性物質的材料不同，分為鐵鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電池、鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電池、銀鋅蓄(xu)(xu)電池等系列。船上主(zhu)要使用鎘鎳(nie)蓄(xu)(xu)電池。

鎘(ge)鎳(nie)蓄(xu)電(dian)池正極(ji)由氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)粉(fen)(fen)、石墨粉(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，石墨主要是用來增強導電(dian)性，不參與(yu)化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)。負(fu)極(ji)由氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)和氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。摻入氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)目的(de)是使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)具有較高的(de)擴散性，防止結塊，并增強極(ji)板(ban)的(de)容量。正負(fu)極(ji)上的(de)這些活性物質分別(bie)包在(zai)穿孔鋼帶(dai)中，加壓成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)型后成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)。正、負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)間是用耐堿的(de)硬橡膠(jiao)絕緣(yuan)棍隔(ge)開。為(wei)了排(pai)灌電(dian)解液，在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)池外(wai)蓋上有一注液口，注液口擰(ning)以密閉式(shi)的(de)氣(qi)塞(sai)，該氣(qi)塞(sai)能使蓄(xu)電(dian)池內部氣(qi)體排(pai)出而防止外(wai)部氣(qi)體進入，并能保證當(dang)蓄(xu)電(dian)池短時翻轉時不流出電(dian)解液。

蓄電(dian)池(chi)充、放電(dian)、電(dian)解液的(de)配(pei)制、蓄電(dian)池(chi)的(de)測量與判斷(duan)等正確(que)的(de)維(wei)護、保養(yang)和使用是船舶機艙管(guan)理人員的(de)一項(xiang)重(zhong)要的(de)工作。

酸性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓約有2V左右(you)酸性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的內阻小，適合(he)于(yu)大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)，故當需用(yong)作柴油機(ji)起動電(dian)(dian)源時應采用(yong)酸性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。單個堿性蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)(dian)壓一般(ban)為1.25V。

堿性蓄電(dian)池(chi)具有體積小、機(ji)械強(qiang)度(du)高(gao)、工作(zuo)電(dian)壓平穩、使用壽(shou)命長等特(te)點，因此在遠洋船舶上的(de)應用日益廣泛(fan)。