電池(chi)作為我(wo)們社會生(sheng)活中比較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)要的儲能電源，電池(chi)發展到現(xian)在(zai)，在(zai)電池(chi)種類方面出現(xian)的多(duo)樣化的特點。目前(qian)電池(chi)種類比較(jiao)(jiao)豐富，具體都有哪些(xie)呢？

碳鋅電池

碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)又稱碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)芯，外殼由鋅(xin)構成。既可(ke)(ke)以(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容器(qi)，又可(ke)(ke)以(yi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)負(fu)極。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從液(ye)體Leclanche電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發展而來。傳統或一般型以(yi)氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)銨(an)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質；電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)則(ze)通常(chang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)使用氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)一般使用的(de)廉價電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)一種改良版。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)由粉末狀(zhuang)的(de)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)和碳(tan)(tan)(tan)構成。電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)把氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)鋅(xin)和氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)銨(an)溶(rong)于(yu)水中(zhong)(zhong)所形成的(de)糊狀(zhuang)溶(rong)液(ye)。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)最便(bian)宜的(de)原電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，因(yin)此(ci)成為(wei)(wei)很多廠(chang)商的(de)首選，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些廠(chang)商所銷售的(de)設備中(zhong)(zhong)常(chang)常(chang)需要(yao)配送電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋅(xin)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用于(yu)遙控器(qi)、閃光燈、玩具或晶體管收音機等功率不大的(de)設備。此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正(zheng)極的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)棒與二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)中(zhong)(zhong)所混合(he)的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)只負(fu)責引出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，并(bing)不參(can)與反應(ying)(ying)，正(zheng)極實際參(can)與還(huan)原反應(ying)(ying)并(bing)提供(gong)正(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)錳(meng)，因(yin)此(ci)，又稱為(wei)(wei)錳(meng)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋅(xin)錳(meng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)或鋅(xin)-二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)錳(meng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，也有(you)簡稱錳(meng)干電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)鋅(xin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)1.5V。

鋅(xin)空氣電池

鋅(xin)(xin)空氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池（Zinc-air battery）是(shi)一(yi)類結構(gou)特(te)殊的(de)(de)品(pin)種。負極采用了鋅(xin)(xin)合(he)金(jin)。而正極材(cai)料，則是(shi)空氣(qi)中的(de)(de)氧。在儲存(cun)時一(yi)般保持密封，所以基本上(shang)沒有(you)(you)自放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。又稱鋅(xin)(xin)氧電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，有(you)(you)時也被稱為鋅(xin)(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。由(you)于鋅(xin)(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部含(han)有(you)(you)高濃度(du)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質（氫氧化鉀具有(you)(you)強(qiang)堿性(xing)、強(qiang)腐(fu)(fu)蝕性(xing)），一(yi)旦發生(sheng)滲漏，將腐(fu)(fu)蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)池附近部件(jian)，而且這種腐(fu)(fu)蝕可能是(shi)不可修(xiu)復的(de)(de)，致(zhi)命的(de)(de)。又因電(dian)(dian)(dian)池上(shang)有(you)(you)孔(kong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池在激活使(shi)用后存(cun)放時間又很短，所以鋅(xin)(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池較(jiao)易發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池漏液。使(shi)用鋅(xin)(xin)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)場合(he)要(yao)及時更換耗(hao)盡的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，經常檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)池狀況，較(jiao)長時間不用時取出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。鋅(xin)(xin)空氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為1.4V。

鉛(qian)酸電池

鉛酸電池，又稱鉛蓄電池，是蓄電池的一種，電極主要由鉛制成，電解液是硫酸溶液的一種蓄電池。一般分為開口型電池及閥控型電池兩種。前者需要定期注酸維護，后者為免維護型蓄電池。蓄電池的原理是通過將化學能和直流電能相互轉化，在放電后經充電后能復原，從而達到重復使用效果。鉛酸電池的電壓為2V。

膠體電池(chi)

膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)屬于(yu)鉛酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種發展(zhan)分類(lei)，最(zui)簡單的(de)(de)做法，是(shi)在硫酸中添加(jia)膠(jiao)凝劑，使硫酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)液(ye)(ye)變為(wei)膠(jiao)態(tai)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)液(ye)(ye)呈膠(jiao)態(tai)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)通常稱之為(wei)膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)液(ye)(ye)改為(wei)膠(jiao)凝狀。例如(ru)非(fei)凝固態(tai)的(de)(de)水性(xing)(xing)膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)，從電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)分類(lei)結構(gou)和特性(xing)(xing)看同屬膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。又如(ru)在板柵(zha)中結附(fu)高分子材(cai)料，俗(su)稱陶瓷板柵(zha)，亦可視作膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)應用(yong)特色(se)。膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與常規(gui)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)區別(bie)，從最(zui)初理解(jie)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質膠(jiao)凝，進一(yi)(yi)步發展(zhan)至電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質基礎結構(gou)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)特性(xing)(xing)研(yan)究，以及在板柵(zha)和活性(xing)(xing)物質中的(de)(de)應用(yong)推廣。膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線平直，能(neng)量(liang)比要比常規(gui)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)大20%以上，壽(shou)命一(yi)(yi)般也比常規(gui)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長(chang)一(yi)(yi)倍左右，高溫及低(di)溫特性(xing)(xing)要好得多。膠(jiao)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)2V。

鎳鎘(ge)電池

鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（Nickel-cadmium battery簡稱NiCd）這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)以(yi)氫氧(yang)化(hua)鎳（NiOH）及金(jin)屬(shu)鎘（Cd）作為(wei)(wei)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)化(hua)學品。對(dui)(dui)比(bi)其(qi)它種類(lei)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)優勢是(shi)：可以(yi)較(jiao)小重量儲存一(yi)定(ding)數量的(de)能量、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率很(hen)高、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時終端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變(bian)化(hua)不(bu)大，內阻小及對(dui)(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)境要求(qiu)不(bu)高。鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)缺(que)點(dian)則是(shi)記憶效應及鍋的(de)重金(jin)屬(shu)污染。鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)1.2V。

鎳氫電(dian)池(chi)

鎳氫電池（NiMH）是由鎳鍋電池（NiCd battery）改良而來的，其以能吸收氫的金屬代替鎘（Cd）。它以相同的價格提供比鎳鎘電池更高的電容量、比較不明顯的記憶效應、以及比較低的環境污染（不含有毒的鎘）。其回收再用的效率比鋰離子電池好，被稱為是最環保的電池。但是與鋰離子電池比較時，卻有比較高的記憶效應。舊款的鎳氫電池有較高的自我放電反應，新款的鎳氫電池已俱有相當低的自我放電（與堿電相約），而且可于低溫下工作（-20℃）。鎳氫電池比碳鋅或堿性電池有更大的輸出電流，相對地更適合用于高耗電產品，某些特別型號甚至比鎳鎘電池有更大輸出電流。

現時(shi)一般鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容(rong)量已高于堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以(yi)體(ti)積計），以(yi)AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為例，鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)標示容(rong)量可達2900mAh（毫安-小時(shi)，中國大陸善(shan)遍稱mAh為r毫安時(shi)），而堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只有(you)~2100mAh，當(dang)然也遠(yuan)高于鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的1100mAh，但仍(reng)未及得上鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。堿性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)長(chang)期不(bu)使用后(hou)會(hui)漏(lou)出俱輕(qing)微腐(fu)蝕性(xing)及有(you)害液體(ti)（會(hui)對(dui)人(ren)體(ti)有(you)害又或損壞使用該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的裝置(zhi)），而鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)不(bu)適使用時(shi)有(you)機(ji)會(hui)燃燒或爆炸。相對(dui)地鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)算是(shi)最安全的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。鎳(nie)氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為1.2V。

鋰離子電池

鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)是一種充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)，它主要依靠(kao)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)在(zai)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)和負極(ji)(ji)之間(jian)移動來工作。習慣上(shang)，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)進(jin)入(ru)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)材料的過程(cheng)叫(jiao)嵌(qian)入(ru)，離(li)(li)開的過程(cheng)叫(jiao)脫嵌(qian)；鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)進(jin)入(ru)負極(ji)(ji)材料的過程(cheng)叫(jiao)插入(ru)，離(li)(li)開的過程(cheng)叫(jiao)脫插。和所(suo)有(you)化學電(dian)池(chi)一樣(yang)，鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)也由(you)三個部分(fen)組成：正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)、負極(ji)(ji)和電(dian)解(jie)質。電(dian)極(ji)(ji)材料都是鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)可以嵌(qian)入(ru)（插入(ru)）/脫嵌(qian)（脫插）的。鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓為(wei)3.6~3.7V。

鋰離子聚合物電池

鋰(li)離子(zi)(zi)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)池(chi)，也稱聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)，鋰(li)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)池(chi)。是一種以(yi)膠狀(zhuang)高(gao)(gao)聚物(wu)(wu)為(wei)電(dian)解質的(de)(de)可充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)。避免了鋰(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)高(gao)(gao)溫下容易爆炸的(de)(de)安全問題。相對于鋰(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)池(chi)，鋰(li)聚合(he)物(wu)(wu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)特點如下：

1.無電(dian)池(chi)漏液問題，其(qi)電(dian)池(chi)內部不(bu)含液態(tai)電(dian)解(jie)液，使用膠(jiao)態(tai)的固體。

2.可制成(cheng)薄型電池：其(qi)厚(hou)度(du)可薄至0.5mm。

3.電(dian)池可設計成多種形狀，最大可彎(wan)曲90°左右。

4.可制成單(dan)顆(ke)高電(dian)壓(ya)：液(ye)態(tai)電(dian)解質的電(dian)池僅能以數顆(ke)電(dian)池串聯得到高電(dian)壓(ya)，而高分子電(dian)池由(you)于(yu)本身無液(ye)體，可在單(dan)顆(ke)內做成多層組合來達到高電(dian)壓(ya)。

5.容量將比同(tong)樣(yang)大小的(de)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池高出一(yi)倍(bei)。鋰(li)離子(zi)聚合物電(dian)池的(de)電(dian)壓為(wei)3.6~3.7V。

磷酸鋰鐵電池

磷(lin)(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)鐵（分(fen)子式：LiMPO4，英文：Lithium iron phosphate，又稱(cheng)磷(lin)(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰(li)(li)、鋰(li)(li)鐵磷(lin)(lin)(lin)，簡稱(cheng)LFP），是一(yi)種鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正極材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，也稱(cheng)為鋰(li)(li)鐵磷(lin)(lin)(lin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，特色是不含(han)(han)鉆等貴重元(yuan)素，原料(liao)(liao)價格(ge)低且磷(lin)(lin)(lin)、鋰(li)(li)、鐵存在于地球的(de)資源含(han)(han)量豐富，不會(hui)有供料(liao)(liao)問題。其工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓適(shi)中（3.2V）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量大（170mAh/g）、高放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率、可快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且循環(huan)壽命長，在高溫與高熱(re)環(huan)境下的(de)穩定性(xing)高。磷(lin)(lin)(lin)酸(suan)鋰(li)(li)鐵電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為3.2~3.3V。