1、鋰電池的液(ye)體電解(jie)液(ye)

鋰電池電解質的選用對鋰離子電池的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)影響非(fei)常大(da)，它必(bi)須(xu)(xu)是化學(xue)穩(wen)定性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好尤其是在較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位下和較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)溫度環境中不(bu)(bu)易(yi)發生分解，具有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)離(li)(li)子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率（C10-3scm），而且對(dui)陰陽極材(cai)料(liao)必(bi)須(xu)(xu)是惰性(xing)的(de)(de)、不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)侵腐它們。由于鋰離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)而且陽極材(cai)料(liao)嵌有(you)(you)化學(xue)活性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)鋰，所(suo)以電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質必(bi)須(xu)(xu)采用有(you)(you)機化合物而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)含有(you)(you)水。但有(you)(you)機物離(li)(li)子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率都不(bu)(bu)好，所(suo)以要在有(you)(you)機溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)中加入可溶(rong)(rong)解的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽以提高(gao)離(li)(li)子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率。目前鋰離(li)(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池主(zhu)要是用液態電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質，其溶(rong)(rong)劑(ji)為無(wu)水有(you)(you)機物如EC（ethyl carbonate）、PC（p ropylenecarbonate）

DMC（dim ethyl carbonate）DEC（diethyl carbonate）多數采用(yong)混合溶(rong)劑，如(ru)EC2DMC和(he)PC2DMC等(deng)。導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鹽有(you)L iC104LiPF6、LiBF6、LiAsF6和(he)L iOSO2CF它們導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)大小依次為LiAsF6>LiPF6>L iC1O 4>L iBF6>L iO SO.ICG104因具有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)氧化性(xing)容易(yi)出現爆炸等(deng)安全(quan)性(xing)問題，一般只局(ju)限(xian)于實(shi)驗研究(jiu)中；LiAsF6離子導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)較高(gao)易(yi)純化且穩定性(xing)較好，但含有(you)有(you)毒的(de)(de)As使用(yong)受到限(xian)制；LiBF6化學及熱(re)穩定性(xing)不好且導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)不高(gao)，LiO SO2CF3導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)差(cha)且對電(dian)(dian)(dian)極有(you)腐蝕作用(yong)，較少使用(yong)；雖然(ran)LiPF6會(hui)發生分解反應，但具有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)離子導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)，因此目(mu)(mu)前鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)基(ji)本上(shang)是使用(yong)LiPF6目(mu)(mu)前商(shang)用(yong)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液大部(bu)分采用(yong)LiPF6的(de)(de)EC2DMC，它具有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)離子導(dao)(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)與較好的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學穩定性(xing)。

2、鋰電(dian)池(chi)的固體電(dian)解液(ye)

鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)用(yong)(yong)金屬(shu)鋰(li)直接用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)陽極材料(liao)具(ju)有(you)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)可(ke)(ke)逆容量(liang)，其理論(lun)容量(liang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)達3862mAh-g-1，是石(shi)墨(mo)材料(liao)的(de)十幾倍，價格也較低，被看(kan)作(zuo)新(xin)一代(dai)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)最有(you)吸引力的(de)陽極材料(liao)，但會產生枝晶鋰(li)。采用(yong)(yong)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)作(zuo)為離子的(de)傳導可(ke)(ke)抑制枝晶鋰(li)的(de)生長，使(shi)得金屬(shu)鋰(li)用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)陽極材料(liao)成為可(ke)(ke)能(neng)。此(ci)外使(shi)用(yong)(yong)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)可(ke)(ke)避免液(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(ye)(ye)漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)缺點，還可(ke)(ke)把電(dian)池(chi)做成更(geng)(geng)薄（厚(hou)度(du)僅(jin)為0.1mm）能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)、體(ti)(ti)積更(geng)(geng)小(xiao)的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)。破(po)壞(huai)性(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)表明固(gu)態(tai)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)能(neng)很高(gao)(gao)(gao)，經(jing)釘穿、加(jia)熱（200C）、短(duan)路和過充(chong)（600%）等(deng)破(po)壞(huai)性(xing)實(shi)驗(yan)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)態(tai)電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)鋰(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)會發生漏(lou)液(ye)(ye)(ye)、爆炸(zha)等(deng)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)問題(ti)，而固(gu)態(tai)電(dian)池(chi)除內溫略有(you)升高(gao)(gao)(gao)外（<20℃）并無任何其它(ta)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)問題(ti)出現。固(gu)體(ti)(ti)聚合物電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)具(ju)有(you)良好的(de)柔韌性(xing)、成膜性(xing)、穩定性(xing)、成本低等(deng)特點，既可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為正負電(dian)極間(jian)隔膜用(yong)(yong)又可(ke)(ke)作(zuo)為傳遞離子的(de)電(dian)解(jie)質(zhi)用(yong)(yong)。

固體(ti)(ti)聚合物(wu)電解(jie)質一般(ban)可分為干形(xing)固體(ti)(ti)聚合物(wu)電解(jie)質（SPE）和凝(ning)膠聚合物(wu)電解(jie)質（GPE）。

SPE固體聚合物電(dian)解質主(zhu)要還是基于聚氧化(hua)乙烯（PEO），其缺點是離(li)子導電(dian)率(lv)較低(di)，在100℃

下只能達(da)到10-40cm。在(zai)SPE中(zhong)離(li)子(zi)傳導(dao)主要是(shi)發(fa)生在(zai)無(wu)定形(xing)區，借(jie)助聚(ju)合(he)物鏈(lian)的(de)(de)移(yi)動進行傳遞遷移(yi)。PEO容易結晶(jing)是(shi)由于其(qi)分子(zi)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)規整性(xing)，而(er)晶(jing)形(xing)化(hua)會(hui)降(jiang)低(di)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)。因此要想提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)一方面可(ke)通過降(jiang)低(di)聚(ju)合(he)物的(de)(de)結晶(jing)度，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)可(ke)移(yi)動性(xing)，另一方面可(ke)通過提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)導(dao)電(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)在(zai)聚(ju)合(he)物中(zhong)的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)度。利用(yong)(yong)接(jie)枝、嵌段、交聯、共聚(ju)等手段來破壞高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)聚(ju)物的(de)(de)結晶(jing)性(xing)能，可(ke)明顯地提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)其(qi)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)。此外加入無(wu)機復合(he)鹽(yan)(yan)也能提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)。在(zai)固體聚(ju)合(he)物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)中(zhong)加入高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)介電(dian)常數低(di)相對分子(zi)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)液(ye)態有機溶(rong)劑如PC則可(ke)大大提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)導(dao)電(dian)鹽(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)度，所構(gou)成的(de)(de)電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)即為GPE凝膠聚(ju)合(he)物電(dian)解(jie)(jie)質(zhi)，它(ta)在(zai)室溫(wen)下具有很高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)離(li)子(zi)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)，但在(zai)使用(yong)(yong)過程中(zhong)會(hui)發(fa)生析液(ye)而(er)失效。凝膠聚(ju)合(he)物鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)池已經商(shang)品化(hua)。