釩電(dian)(dian)池也叫全釩液流電(dian)(dian)池，是可(ke)以(yi)作為(wei)大(da)容量(liang)儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)一種電(dian)(dian)池，目前(qian)是儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)池領域比(bi)較熱門(men)的(de)一種電(dian)(dian)池，發展潛力是很大(da)的(de)，那么釩電(dian)(dian)池與鋰電(dian)(dian)池對比(bi)哪個(ge)更好呢？

下面是釩電池與鋰電池的對比

1、釩電(dian)池與鋰電(dian)池工作原理的不(bu)同

全釩(fan)液流電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是將具有不同價(jia)態的(de)釩(fan)離子溶液分(fen)(fen)別(bie)作(zuo)為正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)活性(xing)物質，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)儲(chu)(chu)存在(zai)各自的(de)電(dian)(dian)解液儲(chu)(chu)罐中(zhong)。在(zai)對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)行充、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)實驗時(shi)，電(dian)(dian)解液通過泵(beng)的(de)作(zuo)用，由外(wai)部貯液罐分(fen)(fen)別(bie)循(xun)環流經(jing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)室和(he)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)室，并(bing)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)表面發生氧化和(he)還(huan)原反應，實現對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)。

鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)實(shi)際上(shang)是一(yi)種鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子濃差電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，正負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)由兩種不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子嵌(qian)入化(hua)(hua)合物組成。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，Li+從正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)脫嵌(qian)經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質嵌(qian)入負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處于(yu)富鋰(li)(li)(li)態(tai)(tai)，正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處于(yu)貧鋰(li)(li)(li)態(tai)(tai)，同(tong)(tong)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子的(de)補償電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)從外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)供(gong)給到碳(tan)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，保證負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)平衡。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時則(ze)相反(fan)，Li+從負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)脫嵌(qian)，經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質嵌(qian)入正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處于(yu)富鋰(li)(li)(li)態(tai)(tai)。在正常(chang)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況(kuang)下，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子在層(ceng)狀(zhuang)結構(gou)的(de)碳(tan)材(cai)料和(he)層(ceng)狀(zhuang)結構(gou)氧化(hua)(hua)物的(de)層(ceng)間嵌(qian)入和(he)脫出，一(yi)般只引起層(ceng)面間距(ju)變化(hua)(hua)，不(bu)破壞晶體結構(gou)，在充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)材(cai)料的(de)化(hua)(hua)學(xue)結構(gou)基本不(bu)變。因此，從充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)可(ke)逆性看，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)是一(yi)種理(li)想的(de)可(ke)逆反(fan)應(ying)(ying)。

2、釩電池(chi)能量存儲(chu)于電解液中，增加電解液儲(chu)罐的體(ti)積或者提(ti)高(gao)電解液的濃度均(jun)可增加電池(chi)容量。即對于相同功率輸(shu)出的釩電池(chi)，可根據需求任意(yi)調整(zheng)容量，非(fei)常適合大容量儲(chu)能應用；鋰(li)電池(chi)容量則是與正(zheng)負極材料有關。

3、釩(fan)電池(chi)輸出功率由電池(chi)堆(dui)中參(can)與反應的面積決(jue)定，可通過(guo)增加或減少單電池(chi)和不同(tong)電池(chi)組(zu)串連和并聯調整(zheng)滿足不同(tong)功率需(xu)求(qiu)，目前(qian)美(mei)國商(shang)業(ye)化(hua)示范運行的釩(fan)電池(chi)的功率已達6000kW；鋰電池(chi)很難做(zuo)到那么大的儲能(neng)容量；

4、釩電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)不涉及固(gu)相(xiang)反應，電(dian)(dian)解液的理論(lun)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命無限，可以長期使用(yong)(yong)；鋰電(dian)(dian)池涉及固(gu)相(xiang)反應，電(dian)(dian)解液使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命有限；

5、釩(fan)電池反應速(su)度(du)快，可在瞬間啟動，在運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程中充(chong)放電狀態切換(huan)只(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)0.02秒，響應速(su)度(du)1毫(hao)秒；

6、釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)理論充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間比為(wei)1：1（實際運行(xing)1.5-1.7：1），支持頻繁(fan)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，深度(du)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命(ming)影響不大，充(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正、負極(ji)活性(xing)物(wu)質均為(wei)液相，不會出(chu)現鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上枝狀晶體的(de)生長而將隔膜刺破導(dao)致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)短(duan)路(lu)的(de)危險；

7、釩電池能量(liang)的(de)存(cun)儲量(liang)可以精確地(di)測量(liang)出來；鋰(li)電池不能。

8、釩電池(chi)可(ke)以通過增加電解(jie)液或更(geng)換電解(jie)液的(de)方(fang)式增加系(xi)統運行時間。通過更(geng)換電解(jie)液，可(ke)實現(xian)瞬間再充電，類似于汽車加油；鋰電池(chi)做不到。

9、釩電池(chi)系(xi)統使用壽(shou)(shou)命長，充(chong)放循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命可超過(guo)10000次，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于鋰電池(chi)的壽(shou)(shou)命。目前加(jia)拿(na)大VRB Power Systems商業化示范運行時(shi)間最長的釩電池(chi)模(mo)塊已(yi)正常(chang)運行超過(guo)9年，充(chong)放循(xun)(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)(shou)命超過(guo)18000次；

10、釩電(dian)(dian)池安全性高：釩電(dian)(dian)池無潛在(zai)的爆(bao)炸或著(zhu)(zhu)火危險(xian)，即使將(jiang)正(zheng)、負極電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液混(hun)合也無危險(xian)，只是(shi)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫度略有升(sheng)高；鋰電(dian)(dian)池有潛在(zai)的爆(bao)炸或著(zhu)(zhu)火危險(xian)。

11/釩(fan)電池除(chu)離子膜(mo)外，材料價格便(bian)宜，來源(yuan)豐富，不需(xu)要(yao)貴金屬作電極催化劑，成本低。鋰電池價格較貴，資(zi)源(yuan)稀(xi)缺(que)，需(xu)要(yao)使用貴金屬。

12、釩(fan)電池電解液(ye)可長期使用(yong)，沒有污染(ran)排放(fang)，對環境(jing)友好;鋰電池電解液(ye)不可循環使用(yong)，有一定的污染(ran)。

釩電(dian)池存在(zai)的問題

目前釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池存在(zai)的(de)技術問(wen)題主要有兩(liang)個，第一，釩(fan)電(dian)(dian)池正極液中的(de)五價釩(fan)在(zai)靜置或(huo)溫度高于45攝氏度的(de)情(qing)況下易析出(chu)五氧化(hua)二(er)釩(fan)沉淀(dian)，析出(chu)的(de)沉淀(dian)堵塞流道(dao)，包覆碳氈纖維，惡化(hua)電(dian)(dian)堆性能，直至電(dian)(dian)堆報廢，而電(dian)(dian)堆在(zai)長(chang)時間運行過(guo)程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)解液溫度很(hen)容易超(chao)過(guo)45攝氏度。第二(er)，石(shi)墨(mo)極板要被正極液刻蝕，如果(guo)用(yong)戶(hu)操作(zuo)得當(dang)，石(shi)墨(mo)板能使用(yong)兩(liang)年，如果(guo)用(yong)戶(hu)操作(zuo)不當(dang)，一次充電(dian)(dian)就能讓(rang)石(shi)墨(mo)板完全刻蝕，電(dian)(dian)堆只能報廢。在(zai)正常使用(yong)情(qing)況下，每(mei)隔兩(liang)個月就要由專業人士進行一次維護(hu)，這種高頻次的(de)維護(hu)費錢(qian)、費力。

從環(huan)(huan)保的(de)角度(du)來說，釩電池壓根就不環(huan)(huan)保，配(pei)制電解液用到(dao)的(de)原料、正(zheng)極沉淀(dian)以及泄漏的(de)正(zheng)極液經風干后形成的(de)薄層都有(you)一樣相同東西，那就是(shi)五氧(yang)化(hua)二釩，它是(shi)一種劇毒化(hua)學品(pin)。