固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是指使用(yong)(yong)固態電(dian)(dian)極(ji)和固態電(dian)(dian)解質生(sheng)產制造的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，與(yu)現有的液態形式(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不同(tong)，是未來新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發展(zhan)的主(zhu)要(yao)方(fang)向之一(yi)。近日，大眾(zhong)集團公(gong)布第(di)二季(ji)度財報時(shi)，大眾(zhong)集團首席(xi)執(zhi)行官赫伯特·迪斯表示，大眾(zhong)計劃自主(zhu)生(sheng)產固態電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，可(ke)能(neng)(neng)從2024年(nian)或2025年(nian)開始批量(liang)生(sheng)產。按照(zhao)國家《節能(neng)(neng)與(yu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)技術(shu)路線圖(tu)》，到2025年(nian)，純電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)(che)動力鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的能(neng)(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度目(mu)標(biao)(biao)為(wei)400Wh／kg，2030年(nian)目(mu)標(biao)(biao)為(wei)500Wh／kg。就目(mu)前(qian)廣泛采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的三(san)元電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)來說，現階段(duan)存在的技術(shu)瓶頸使其(qi)很難達到上述目(mu)標(biao)(biao)。

動力鋰電池能量密度要想如期實現能量密度大于500Wh／kg的目標，現有的液體電解質電池體系恐怕無能為力。作為下一代面向500Wh／kg的電池技術路線，固態電池體系的研發已成為剛需。新能源汽車產業中長期發展要新的技術儲備，固態鋰離子電池則有望成為下一代車用動力鋰電池主導技術路線，它不只是未來二次電池的重要發展方向，也是當前的重要任務。

固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比(bi)，究竟有(you)何(he)優勢呢(ni)？首先在能(neng)量密度方面(mian)，目前(qian)三元等(deng)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所使(shi)用的(de)有(you)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學窗口有(you)限，難以兼容(rong)金(jin)屬鋰負極(ji)和新研(yan)發的(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢正(zheng)極(ji)材料，但是固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)比(bi)有(you)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)普遍(bian)具有(you)更(geng)寬(kuan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學窗口，有(you)利于進一(yi)步(bu)提升(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)能(neng)量密度。其次是體(ti)積方面(mian)，由(you)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)被固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)取代，因此在相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)能(neng)量密度下(xia)，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)體(ti)積會更(geng)小(xiao)。同(tong)樣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)體(ti)積將(jiang)變(bian)(bian)得(de)更(geng)小(xiao)。在能(neng)量密度保(bao)持不(bu)變(bian)(bian)的(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和液(ye)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相(xiang)比(bi)，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)質(zhi)量和體(ti)積將(jiang)更(geng)小(xiao)。不(bu)僅如此，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中由(you)于沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)，封存(cun)變(bian)(bian)得(de)更(geng)加容(rong)易，在汽車等(deng)大型設備(bei)上使(shi)用時，也不(bu)要再額外(wai)新增冷卻(que)管、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子控件等(deng)，在節約成本的(de)同(tong)時還減輕自身重(zhong)量。在使(shi)用固(gu)(gu)態(tai)(tai)(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)后，石墨負極(ji)可用金(jin)屬鋰替代，使(shi)整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)重(zhong)量明顯(xian)減輕。

從(cong)各國在固(gu)(gu)態電(dian)池(chi)方面的(de)布局來(lai)看，豐田技術較為領(ling)先，其(qi)2010年(nian)(nian)就推出(chu)硫(liu)化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態電(dian)池(chi)，2014年(nian)(nian)該電(dian)池(chi)實(shi)驗(yan)原型能量(liang)密度達到(dao)(dao)400Wh／kg。截(jie)止到(dao)(dao)2017年(nian)(nian)二月，豐田固(gu)(gu)態電(dian)池(chi)相關專利數量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)30件，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于其(qi)它公司。據豐田高管透露，豐田將在2020年(nian)(nian)實(shi)現硫(liu)化(hua)物固(gu)(gu)態電(dian)池(chi)的(de)產業化(hua)。此外，三星也取得了一定成(cheng)果(guo)，利用硫(liu)化(hua)物類(lei)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)電(dian)解質試制(zhi)出(chu)2000mAh、175Wh／kg的(de)壓(ya)層型全固(gu)(gu)態二次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)。

國(guo)內公司CATL在(zai)硫化物(wu)固(gu)態電(dian)(dian)池方面也比較(jiao)成(cheng)熟，目(mu)前(qian)正加(jia)速開發EV用硫化物(wu)全固(gu)態鋰金(jin)屬電(dian)(dian)池。另外，值得注意的(de)贛鋒鋰業在(zai)近期完成(cheng)了第一代固(gu)態電(dian)(dian)池研(yan)(yan)發中試線項目(mu)，其樣品已經通過中汽研(yan)(yan)汽車檢驗中心(xin)的(de)檢測(ce)，并且該(gai)項目(mu)在(zai)國(guo)內無成(cheng)功實踐先(xian)例，屬于國(guo)際領先(xian)的(de)技術(shu)突(tu)破(po)，預計在(zai)2019年實現量產。

相(xiang)比于(yu)三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池擁有這(zhe)么(me)多的優勢，為(wei)何遲遲無(wu)(wu)法實現量(liang)產(chan)？固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的關鍵是固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，導致現階(jie)段固(gu)(gu)態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池難以(yi)發展的最重要原(yuan)因(yin)也正(zheng)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)未能獲得突破。現有的無(wu)(wu)機固(gu)(gu)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)和高分子(zi)聚合物電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)，還沒有任(ren)何一(yi)種既(ji)有高離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率和機械強(qiang)度，又有良好的加工性能。

動力(li)鋰電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術難(nan)(nan)題一直都是(shi)制約新能源汽(qi)車(che)發展的(de)(de)瓶(ping)(ping)頸(jing)所在(zai)，固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)池(chi)難(nan)(nan)以突(tu)破的(de)(de)瓶(ping)(ping)頸(jing)也是(shi)在(zai)技(ji)(ji)術。在(zai)動力(li)鋰電(dian)池(chi)產業(ye)競爭如此激烈的(de)(de)今天(tian)，真(zhen)正能笑(xiao)到(dao)最后的(de)(de)往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)那些(xie)掌握核心(xin)技(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)公司。固(gu)態(tai)(tai)電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)未來重要(yao)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術發展方向，已經是(shi)業(ye)內(nei)的(de)(de)共(gong)識，我國公司能否在(zai)下一場“硬仗”中(zhong)取得勝利(li)，還有(you)待業(ye)界同(tong)仁的(de)(de)共(gong)同(tong)努(nu)力(li)。