高倍率電池的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊應用(yong)，主要(yao)是針對特(te)殊便攜(xie)裝備二次用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)(deng)待時(shi)間(jian)較長、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)資源浪費、快速(su)反(fan)應能(neng)力受制約等(deng)(deng)現狀展開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)。可(ke)高倍率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)有良好的(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)力和前景，但應兼顧(gu)現行體制，在鞏(gong)固(gu)現役鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性價比、電(dian)(dian)(dian)路控制、安(an)全(quan)性、高低(di)溫充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和循環壽命等(deng)(deng)優勢的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，合理(li)穩(wen)妥地實現高倍率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

鋰離子電池逐(zhu)漸成為各國使用的(de)(de)主(zhu)要電(dian)池。高倍率鋰(li)離子電(dian)池不但降低了約1/3的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)負重，提高了使用者的(de)(de)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)靈活性和機(ji)動性，還可將設(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)時(shi)(shi)間延(yan)長2~3倍，最大限(xian)度地保障了單次野外任(ren)務完(wan)成的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)效性和可靠性。

高倍率(lv)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間（2~4h），雖(sui)然短于鎘鎳(nie)、氫鎳(nie)及鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（5~7h），但(dan)仍不能滿足特殊狀態下(xia)應急的需(xu)要。某(mou)些特殊應用中普遍使用一次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，避免充電(dian)(dian)問(wen)題，當天作戰任務完成后(hou)，舊(jiu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)全部丟棄，換上(shang)新電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，導致(zhi)戰爭期間電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的后(hou)勤(qin)保(bao)障強度比彈藥還大(da)。為了滿足戰時(shi)裝備(bei)再充電(dian)(dian)等待時(shi)間（5~30min）的需(xu)要，理論上(shang)可對(dui)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行高倍率(lv)（5~20C）充電(dian)(dian)。

高(gao)倍率電池材料(liao)發展的現(xian)狀(zhuang)

通常高(gao)倍(bei)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時強大的(de)電(dian)流會導致電(dian)池漏液、起火，甚(shen)至爆(bao)炸(zha)等(deng)危險。材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)改進和(he)發展，是電(dian)池實現高(gao)倍(bei)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)前提，目前商用(yong)(yong)鋰離子電(dian)池多使用(yong)(yong)LiCo02作為正極材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。為了改善電(dian)池的(de)高(gao)倍(bei)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和(he)安全(quan)性能，可采用(yong)(yong)LiMn204、LifePO4、LisV2（PO4）3及三(san)元材(cai)(cai)料(liao)LiNi?Co? Mn?02、LiNi?Co?Al?02等(deng)作為正極材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。

鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)負(fu)極(ji)大多采用(yong)碳材料。碳材料價廉易得，但首次充電(dian)(dian)(dian)不可(ke)逆容(rong)量較高(gao)(gao)、循(xun)環(huan)性(xing)能差，不適(shi)合高(gao)(gao)倍率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。Li4Ti5O12可(ke)作為非碳負(fu)極(ji)材料，比容(rong)量達165mAh／g，特(te)有的(de)尖晶石結構可(ke)提高(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)循(xun)環(huan)性(xing)能和使用(yong)壽命，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)具備良好的(de)耐過充、過放和安全性(xing)能，滿足高(gao)(gao)倍率充電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)要(yao)求。

高(gao)倍率電池(chi)的使用定位和可行(xing)性分(fen)析

在軍事領(ling)域中(zhong)，戰術(shu)便(bian)攜裝備(bei)（如通信、指控、偵察和定位等設備(bei)）多(duo)(duo)以鋰離子電池為(wei)核心(xin)供電單(dan)元，能夠滿足多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)使用模式(shi)（手(shou)持(chi)、背負、穿戴和搬移等）下的設備(bei)用電需求(qiu)。

鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池提(ti)供了3.6V、7.2V、14.4V及25.2V等4種電(dian)(dian)壓等級，容(rong)量多在12Ah以下。配套的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備功(gong)(gong)率(lv)等級多為(wei)200W以下，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)0.2C和0.5C。國外推(tui)出(chu)的(de)可高(gao)倍率(lv)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池以中小功(gong)(gong)率(lv)居多，多應用于便攜設備（如小型電(dian)(dian)動工具(ju)），容(rong)量從(cong)數Ah到十多Ah不(bu)等。

可(ke)(ke)高倍率(lv)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能否(fou)與(yu)現(xian)役(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)配(pei)套特性上(shang)(shang)保(bao)持一致(zhi)。高倍率(lv)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)裝備配(pei)套體制上(shang)(shang)具(ju)有(you)可(ke)(ke)行性，通過產品優化(hua)和工藝提(ti)升(sheng)，能夠在(zai)電(dian)(dian)氣適(shi)配(pei)、接口配(pei)套和供(gong)電(dian)(dian)要求上(shang)(shang)與(yu)現(xian)役(yi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)保(bao)持一致(zhi)。

現(xian)有(you)(you)充電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)不具備(bei)5~20C充電(dian)(dian)的(de)能力，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)成倍(bei)增加(jia)，不但會(hui)增加(jia)充電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)的(de)功(gong)率、體(ti)(ti)積和質(zhi)量，還(huan)會(hui)增加(jia)部(bu)隊營區(qu)或野外機動(dong)平臺(tai)供電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量的(de)要求；同時(shi)，在鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池具備(bei)了高倍(bei)率充電(dian)(dian)能力的(de)前提下，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大，充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)越短，越有(you)(you)利(li)于部(bu)隊應急任務的(de)執行。綜合上述因素，在現(xian)有(you)(you)供電(dian)(dian)體(ti)(ti)制的(de)基礎上，應確立充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)最(zui)佳值。

以(yi)用(yong)戶端交流供(gong)電(dian)容量220V/16A計(ji)算，可(ke)(ke)得出最大功(gong)率為(wei)3520W。現役充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)效率一(yi)般約(yue)為(wei)90%，考(kao)慮到高(gao)(gao)倍(bei)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)熱損耗增加等因素(su)，以(yi)85%效率計(ji)算的(de)有(you)效輸出功(gong)率為(wei)2992W。對比可(ke)(ke)知，現有(you)市電(dian)條件下最多可(ke)(ke)滿足充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)10C的(de)工作要求。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流若從10C增大到20C，理論充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間會從6min減少(shao)到3min，但設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)功(gong)率增加將近一(yi)倍(bei)，給配電(dian)系(xi)統和(he)(he)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)制作帶來(lai)困難。從使用(yong)角(jiao)度來(lai)看，與現有(you)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)0.5C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)相比，10C充(chong)(chong)電(dian)可(ke)(ke)使理論充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時間由2h縮短到6min。綜上所(suo)述，鋰離(li)子電(dian)池的(de)高(gao)(gao)倍(bei)率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)為(wei)10C是較為(wei)可(ke)(ke)行的(de)。