隨著經濟水平的發展，汽車的保有數量急劇增加，能源和環境問題變得日益嚴重。開發和推廣電動汽車等清潔能源汽車已成為世界各國爭相研究的課題。以內燃機蓄電池共同驅動的混合動力車（HEV）首選的蓄電池采用的就是鎳氫電池。

鎳氫電池具有比功(gong)率高、耐過充(chong)過放、可快速充(chong)電及壽命長和無污染(ran)等(deng)特點。

下面介(jie)紹車用鎳氫電池的技術特(te)點(dian)與難(nan)點(dian)：

1.a型i（oH）2的鎳氫電池體(ti)系

因(yin)其(qi)在向y型(xing)(xing)NiooH轉(zhuan)化電(dian)子(zi)數(shu)多于β型(xing)(xing)間的(de)(de)電(dian)子(zi)數(shu)，一直是(shi)新(xin)材料(liao)研究的(de)(de)熱點(dian)(dian)，同(tong)時(shi)a型(xing)(xing)在向y型(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)化時(shi)膨脹系數(shu)小被認為是(shi)最理想(xiang)的(de)(de)鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池正(zheng)極材料(liao)。其(qi)弱點(dian)(dian)是(shi)在強堿溶液中的(de)(de)不穩定性，易陳化轉(zhuan)化成β氫氧(yang)化亞鎳(nie)；同(tong)時(shi)其(qi)松裝密度太小，無(wu)法(fa)實現(xian)填充的(de)(de)需(xu)要，解(jie)決這兩個(ge)問題將是(shi)技(ji)術發展研究的(de)(de)重點(dian)(dian)。

2.AB2型貯氫合金(jin)粉在鎳氫電(dian)池體系

AB2型貯氫(qing)合金粉(fen)被認為是理想的負極材料，420mAh/g的克容量一直是研(yan)究熱(re)點，但其(qi)使用(yong)壽(shou)命較短和低溫下性能(neng)較差，同樣影(ying)響它在鎳氫(qing)電池體(ti)系的使用(yong)，有針(zhen)對性地(di)開展提高這(zhe)兩項技術的研(yan)究是重(zhong)點。

3.電池寬溫度范圍

通過在(zai)(zai)正極(ji)中(zhong)添(tian)加Ca、Y、Er、Ti、Tm的氧(yang)(yang)化物以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的組成和(he)配比進(jin)行研究，提(ti)高(gao)鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的析氧(yang)(yang)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位來提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)下的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)接受能(neng)力，特(te)別是(shi)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流時(shi)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)率，從而減(jian)(jian)(jian)少體系中(zhong)因氧(yang)(yang)氣產生、復合而引起的熱(re)效(xiao)應；電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)制作中(zhong)降(jiang)低體系的內阻，減(jian)(jian)(jian)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學極(ji)化，濃(nong)差極(ji)化和(he)歐姆極(ji)化以(yi)(yi)(yi)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少相(xiang)應熱(re)量(liang)(liang)的產生。降(jiang)低單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的厚度，設計(ji)適當的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)間(jian)隙并配以(yi)(yi)(yi)冷(leng)卻系統以(yi)(yi)(yi)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)的散發，同時(shi)配備熱(re)管理系統。選(xuan)擇(ze)鉆含(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)的貯(zhu)氫合金(jin)，降(jiang)低負極(ji)析氫平臺壓力，也是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)高(gao)溫(wen)性能(neng)應用(yong)的主要解(jie)決方法。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)時(shi)使用(yong)的主要問題是(shi)負極(ji)。采(cai)用(yong)富鋪型的貯(zhu)氫合金(jin)，同時(shi)采(cai)用(yong)低鉆合金(jin)與(yu)高(gao)鉆合金(jin)混(hun)合使用(yong)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)改善(shan)負極(ji)在(zai)(zai)低溫(wen)下的性能(neng)。

4.電池(chi)快速充電技術

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)要進行(xing)快(kuai)速(su)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)必須解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)壓和發(fa)熱問題(ti)。降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)壓，就(jiu)要提高(gao)(gao)(gao)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)析氧(yang)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，抑(yi)制正極(ji)(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)氧(yang)氣。可以(yi)通過在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)中添(tian)加(jia)鉆類添(tian)加(jia)劑、在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液中加(jia)入提高(gao)(gao)(gao)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率的(de)(de)物質，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)留容(rong)量(liang)(liang)和對負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)進行(xing)表面處理都是(shi)降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)壓的(de)(de)有效途徑。調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)活化(hua)后的(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)量(liang)(liang)和預(yu)留量(liang)(liang)，使(shi)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)預(yu)留量(liang)(liang)保持(chi)較高(gao)(gao)(gao)比例，使(shi)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)在(zai)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)過充(chong)(chong)(chong)時保持(chi)良好的(de)(de)吸(xi)附氫(qing)能力，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效率和在(zai)組合(he)結構(gou)上設置(zhi)冷卻(que)裝置(zhi)也是(shi)解決發(fa)熱問題(ti)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)度的(de)(de)方法(fa)。

5.電池組結構優化、組合設計研(yan)究

在(zai)汽車上使用單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)池以串聯形式組(zu)(zu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)，結(jie)構十分(fen)緊湊，但需(xu)充分(fen)考慮電(dian)(dian)池的散(san)熱。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)(zu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)方(fang)面，對(dui)容(rong)量、內阻、溫度、充放電(dian)(dian)特性曲線等因(yin)素的綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)考慮時，還需(xu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池進行篩選組(zu)(zu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)，對(dui)組(zu)(zu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)池位置(zhi)分(fen)布進行研究。

6.蓄電池組(zu)綜(zong)合(he)管(guan)理系統

包括熱(re)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)運(yun)行狀態監控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和維護系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等(deng)。熱(re)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在(zai)高溫(wen)下開啟冷卻系(xi)(xi)統(tong)或通過(guo)(guo)正(zheng)溫(wen)度系(xi)(xi)數(shu)，調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)模塊(kuai)在(zai)運(yun)行過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)短(duan)時間充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、溫(wen)度等(deng)參數(shu)變(bian)化，在(zai)大量實驗數(shu)據的(de)(de)基礎上，通過(guo)(guo)軟(ruan)件(jian)分析平臺，建(jian)立(li)較(jiao)為準(zhun)確的(de)(de)S0c判(pan)別數(shu)學模型。將整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)分為數(shu)十個(ge)模塊(kuai)，實時監控(kong)每一模塊(kuai)的(de)(de)參數(shu)變(bian)化，對(dui)(dui)出現的(de)(de)故(gu)障進行判(pan)別，并對(dui)(dui)某(mou)些(xie)可(ke)(ke)修復的(de)(de)故(gu)障進行自(zi)行彌補或修復。如(ru)果某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)遭受到永久傷害(hai)，系(xi)(xi)統(tong)應能自(zi)動換入(ru)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，從而避免因某(mou)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損壞而影響到整個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)(de)性能。根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機工作特點，通過(guo)(guo)脈沖(chong)方(fang)式對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong)必須具(ju)有(you)欠(qian)壓(ya)保(bao)護、過(guo)(guo)流保(bao)護、防(fang)短(duan)路等(deng)安全保(bao)護功能。硬件(jian)結構上采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)高檔單片機，確保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)管(guan)理(li)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)操(cao)作的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性，在(zai)通訊(xun)方(fang)面(mian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)CAN總(zong)線，確保(bao)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)中(zhong)央控(kong)制單元對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)制，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)神經網(wang)絡控(kong)制技術對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)荷電(dian)(dian)(dian)量狀態進行有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)監控(kong)。

7.電池故障判(pan)斷專家系(xi)統技術(shu)研究

建立電池故(gu)障(zhang)診斷專(zhuan)家系統，隨時記錄電池系統的異常現象，對(dui)外(wai)留有通(tong)訊接(jie)口，為車輛的故(gu)障(zhang)診斷提供條件。

8.提高電池的(de)循環壽命

設(she)計先進(jin)的電池、極板和(he)安全閥(fa)結構(gou)，降低體系內壓以減少高溫大(da)電流充電時(shi)氣(qi)體的析(xi)出(chu)，設(she)計合理的外殼及(ji)密封方式以避(bi)免使用中水分的揮發(fa)；研究(jiu)電池組模擬和(he)實際循(xun)環中的失效模式，改進(jin)設(she)計，控制電極與零部件的途(tu)徑或加大(da)設(she)計余量以達到(dao)系統最佳的效果。

以上(shang)一共8個研究(jiu)方向就是現有(you)鎳氫電池在最新應用領域(yu)的主要(yao)改進方向。