鋰電池技術的發展雖然進步很大，但是在鐵路機車電池應用上還是鉛酸蓄電池占主要位(wei)置，未來新能(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)發展，聚(ju)合物鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),三元鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等一些(xie)環(huan)保性的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)將會慢(man)慢(man)代替鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，那么鐵(tie)路機車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)用哪種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)好呢？

鐵(tie)路(lu)機車(che)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產(chan)品主要包(bao)括鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。根據(ju)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量、充放電(dian)壽命、安全性和技(ji)術成熟度(du)幾個指標對鐵(tie)路(lu)機車(che)用蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的產(chan)品性能進行比(bi)較(jiao)分析(xi)如(ru)下：

鐵路機車電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)用蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)游主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)各類原材(cai)料(liao)，其(qi)中鉛(qian)(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)游主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)鉛(qian)(qian)及鉛(qian)(qian)制(zhi)品（包括鉛(qian)(qian)、鉛(qian)(qian)合金、極板、端子(zi)）、用于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)殼、隔板、板柵等(deng)制(zhi)造(zao)的塑料(liao)（PP材(cai)料(liao)、ABS材(cai)料(liao)等(deng)），以及硫酸等(deng)原材(cai)料(liao)；鎘鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)游主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)鎳(nie)粉、電(dian)(dian)解液等(deng)原材(cai)料(liao)；鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)上(shang)游主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)為(wei)正負極材(cai)料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)解液、電(dian)(dian)極基材(cai)、隔離(li)膜(mo)和罐(guan)材(cai)等(deng)。

據估(gu)算(suan)，隨著全(quan)球鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)運營里程的增(zeng)(zeng)長，全(quan)球鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)機(ji)車用蓄電(dian)池的市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)也不斷(duan)增(zeng)(zeng)加，總體看，其市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)波(bo)動上升。2016年全(quan)球鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)機(ji)車用蓄電(dian)池行(xing)業市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)約為(wei)30.50億元，較2015年的28．99億元同(tong)比增(zeng)(zeng)長5.24％，市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)有所擴(kuo)大。在(zai)我國一帶(dai)一路(lu)(lu)政策(ce)的推(tui)進和基(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)促進發展下(xia)，前瞻認為(wei)全(quan)球鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)運營里程將會(hui)進一步(bu)增(zeng)(zeng)加，由此推(tui)動鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)機(ji)車蓄電(dian)池行(xing)業市(shi)(shi)場(chang)規(gui)模(mo)(mo)提升。

但是與此同時也帶來(lai)(lai)嚴重的(de)環境(jing)污(wu)染問題，因(yin)為(wei)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液或鉛(qian)材料不僅對環境(jing)污(wu)染非常嚴重，對人體也有非常嚴重的(de)傷害。因(yin)此在大規模(mo)使用(yong)下，對未來(lai)(lai)社會的(de)發展是得不償失(shi)的(de)。那(nei)么研發尋找可代替(ti)的(de)新能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池變成(cheng)了(le)重要(yao)的(de)課(ke)題，而就目前的(de)新能源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池來(lai)(lai)看，只有鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池族類的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池有希望，其中磷酸鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池最有適合代替(ti)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

磷酸鐵鋰電池與鉛酸蓄電池(chi)對(dui)比起(qi)來有如下優勢：

1、電池應(ying)用場合上(shang)的對比

蓄(xu)電池應用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電動(dong)叉車(che)、牽引車(che)、電動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車(che)、觀光車(che)等方面；碳磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電池應用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電動(dong)自(zi)行(xing)車(che)、電動(dong)汽車(che)、公交車(che)、基站(zhan)備用(yong)(yong)電源等領域。其實它們的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)領域中磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵鋰電池基本可以代替(ti)蓄(xu)電池，而蓄(xu)電池只(zhi)能代替(ti)鐵鋰電池的(de)(de)部(bu)分(fen)應用(yong)(yong)領域。

2、電壓上的對比

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)2.0V，磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)標(biao)稱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)3.2V。鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)性能穩定，技術成(cheng)熟，不(bu)易發(fa)生故障(zhang).由于傳統蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)會隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)的(de)減(jian)少而降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)低或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)越(yue)(yue)舊油耗(hao)就越(yue)(yue)高，所(suo)以達不(bu)到節(jie)油和提高動力(li)的(de)功效。

磷(lin)酸鐵鋰電(dian)池的(de)(de)額定電(dian)壓(ya)比鉛酸電(dian)池的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)，在放(fang)電(dian)平臺上，要優(you)越于蓄電(dian)池。電(dian)池采用智能芯片(pian)控制，讓電(dian)壓(ya)非(fei)常(chang)穩(wen)定，電(dian)壓(ya)在13.2V-14.4V之(zhi)間，也因此對(dui)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)點(dian)火系統(tong)能時時保(bao)持(chi)著(zhu)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)更(geng)穩(wen)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)，從而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)動力，火花塞(sai)的(de)(de)點(dian)火一直保(bao)持(chi)著(zhu)最佳狀態(tai)，讓每個氣缸的(de)(de)汽(qi)油(you)可以完全(quan)燃燒，根據個人(ren)開的(de)(de)的(de)(de)習慣不(bu)同，省油(you)率5%-13%之(zhi)間.

3、制造原材料(liao)上(shang)的(de)對(dui)比

蓄(xu)電池制造的材料(liao)：正極(ji)為(wei)氧(yang)化鉛(qian)，負極(ji)為(wei)鉛(qian)，電解液為(wei)硫酸(suan)；

磷酸鐵鋰電(dian)池(chi)制造(zao)的材料：正極為(wei)磷酸鐵鋰，負極為(wei)石墨(mo)，電(dian)解液為(wei)有機電(dian)解液；

蓄電池含量(liang)為鉛梯合金，內部硫(liu)酸。

從環保(bao)上來(lai)看，鉛(qian)和硫酸對環境(jing)污(wu)染(ran)危害極大(da)。鉛(qian)對會對環境(jing)造成危害，鉛(qian)可以通過空氣傳(chuan)(chuan)播，傳(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)蓄電(dian)池廠家10公里(li)內不允許住人，電(dian)池廠家通過廢(fei)水排放污(wu)染(ran)環境(jing)；

而磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)電池則(ze)是環保(bao)無(wu)害的(de)(de)新(xin)能源電池。采用的(de)(de)都是無(wu)毒、無(wu)任何(he)污(wu)染(ran)的(de)(de)材料(liao)所制成。內部(bu)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)原料(liao)磷(lin)與鐵還是植物(wu)肥料(liao)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要成分，使用磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)電池可以使汽車尾氣的(de)(de)CO、HC、CO2、O2值降低25%-30%，環保(bao)無(wu)污(wu)染(ran)符(fu)合歐洲ROHS規(gui)定。

4、體積和重量(liang)方面(mian)的對比

在(zai)能量密度(du)上，蓄電池是100~150 Wh/kg，磷酸鐵鋰(li)電池是30~50 Wh/kg

在相同(tong)(tong)容量(liang)下，磷酸鐵鋰電(dian)池重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)，相同(tong)(tong)規格的電(dian)池組，重(zhong)量(liang)為(wei)蓄電(dian)池的1/4左右。無法作為(wei)配重(zhong)使用。

5、充放電上的對比

蓄電(dian)(dian)池可浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)壓穩定(ding)，容易控制，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間較長，放電(dian)(dian)穩定(ding)。

磷酸鐵鋰電(dian)池不可浮充(chong)電(dian)，可快速充(chong)電(dian)和大電(dian)流放電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)間快，電(dian)壓(ya)較(jiao)不穩定(ding)，易發生危險，不易控(kong)制。

6、使用壽命(ming)上的對比

在(zai)正常使用條件下，理論上(shang)蓄電(dian)池循環壽命(ming)300 ~500次(ci)(ci)，磷酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池2000次(ci)(ci)以(yi)上(shang)，磷酸鐵鋰(li)電(dian)池壽命(ming)是(shi)蓄電(dian)池的3倍(bei)以(yi)上(shang)。

自(zi)放電(dian)率蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是15~30%/月(yue)，磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)是<3%/月(yue)，磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電(dian)池(chi)(chi)自(zi)放電(dian)率小，長期(qi)儲存時電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量損失比蓄電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的小。

7、在工作溫度(du)上的對比

蓄電池：充電5℃~45℃，放電-20℃~45℃

磷酸鐵鋰電(dian)池(chi)：充(chong)電(dian)-20℃~55℃，放電(dian)-30℃~70℃

磷(lin)酸鐵鋰(li)電池比蓄電池具(ju)有更寬的環境溫度適應性。