單體鋰電池之間的容量差異是導致單體電池出現過度充電、過度放電的最根本原因，解決方法之一是對電池組進行均衡充電。目前，對均衡充電的研究主要側重于兩部分：一部分是對均衡充電電路拓撲的設計，另一部分是對均衡控制策略的研究。而目前的研究是側重于對均衡充電電路拓撲的設計，主要有電阻放電均衡法、開關電容法、開關電感法、雙向DC-DC變流器法、多繞組變壓器法、集散式均衡法等。與此同時，各大半導體公司也推出了均衡控制集成芯片以及配套解決方案，如Atmel公司推出了ATA6870、ATA6871鋰電池并聯電阻分流放電均衡方案，TI公司于2010年推出了BQ78PL1114、BQ76PL102開關電感法均衡方案等。

綜合分(fen)析了(le)各種(zhong)方法的(de)優缺點，發現主要存(cun)在(zai)以下(xia)問題：1）均衡時(shi)(shi)間是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)共(gong)同且嚴重的(de)問題，多(duo)數(shu)達數(shu)小時(shi)(shi)之久(jiu)；2）現有的(de)均衡技術大多(duo)數(shu)基(ji)于電(dian)池(chi)(chi)外(wai)(wai)電(dian)壓(ya)均衡，由于單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量差異性的(de)存(cun)在(zai)使得各單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)外(wai)(wai)特性的(de)不(bu)一(yi)(yi)致，尤其在(zai)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)后期(qi)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升(sheng)較快(kuai)，使得利用(yong)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)外(wai)(wai)電(dian)壓(ya)作為電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)一(yi)(yi)致性的(de)判(pan)據存(cun)在(zai)均衡判(pan)據不(bu)穩定的(de)問題。同時(shi)(shi)，研究表明(ming)該方法對均衡前后電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)可(ke)用(yong)容量的(de)增加(jia)效(xiao)果并不(bu)明(ming)顯；3）實用(yong)性差，電(dian)路設計時(shi)(shi)不(bu)能兼顧電(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)使用(yong)工況，不(bu)能隨電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)串(chuan)聯電(dian)池(chi)(chi)節數(shu)的(de)增加(jia)而進行(xing)模塊化擴(kuo)展(zhan)等。

綜上(shang)所(suo)述，目前對(dui)動力電池(chi)組均(jun)衡(heng)充電的(de)研究尚存在諸(zhu)多問題，對(dui)均(jun)衡(heng)時間的(de)縮(suo)短、電池(chi)組一致性(xing)評價的(de)判(pan)據(ju)、以及對(dui)均(jun)衡(heng)充電控制策略的(de)研究還(huan)需進(jin)一步的(de)深入和(he)提(ti)高(gao)。

鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電池(chi)(chi)的安全性(xing)(xing)歸根結底取決于鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電池(chi)(chi)材料的熱穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)，單體電池(chi)(chi)的不一致性(xing)(xing)使(shi)得動力鋰(li)電池(chi)(chi)并、串(chuan)聯成組使(shi)用時(shi)，其熱穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)問題尤為突出。

由于(yu)鋰電(dian)池材料特性決定了(le)其對過熱更為(wei)敏感，使得對鋰電(dian)池使用的保護電(dian)路研究尤為(wei)重要(yao)。

針(zhen)對(dui)動力鋰電(dian)池(chi)組使用的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)問(wen)題，目前在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)產品設(she)計和應用控制方(fang)面(mian)采(cai)取了一(yi)些(xie)措施。根(gen)據對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)性能的(de)(de)分(fen)析，發現電(dian)池(chi)正極(ji)材料(liao)耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)性能越強(qiang)相(xiang)應電(dian)池(chi)耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)性能就會越強(qiang)，因此，為了提高鋰電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)性能，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，在(zai)電(dian)池(chi)產品設(she)計過(guo)(guo)程中使用PTCB8]、Vent/CID等安(an)全裝置、采(cai)用耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)(guo)充(chong)的(de)(de)正極(ji)材料(liao)、采(cai)用熱(re)封閉隔(ge)(ge)離膜(mo)、采(cai)用具(ju)有PTC效(xiao)應的(de)(de)電(dian)極(ji)[]、采(cai)用電(dian)壓(ya)敏感隔(ge)(ge)離膜(mo)

或者添加過充(chong)添加劑(ji)。令一方(fang)面(mian)，為(wei)了(le)防止鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過度充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，保(bao)證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)使用安(an)全性(xing)，在實(shi)際應用中，單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組均(jun)加載保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，并使用專用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)系(xi)統。各大半導體(ti)公司(si)也紛紛推出了(le)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)保(bao)護(hu)集成管(guan)(guan)理(li)芯片(pian)，如TI公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)bq77910、凹凸科(ke)技的(de)(de)(de)OZ890等。該(gai)方(fang)法直接(jie)、有(you)效，但(dan)并非萬無一失。尤其是對于高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車使用場合，例(li)如比亞(ya)迪公司(si)即將推出的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)為(wei)“秦”的(de)(de)(de)第二代雙模電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級已高達500V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)數目多大幾(ji)百只(zhi)，而(er)任一節單體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)失控(kong)都有(you)可能帶來嚴重的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全問題。

另外(wai)，單體電池管理電路的能耗問題(ti)也(ye)逐漸成為電池保護需(xu)要(yao)考慮的問題(ti)。

針對單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)存在的能耗(hao)問題，文獻[45]在單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)對單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫(wen)度等參數檢測上進行了低(di)功(gong)耗(hao)設計。然(ran)而(er)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)帶(dai)載(zai)過(guo)重(zhong)輸出(chu)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，或是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放置(zhi)(zhi)太久漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓很(hen)低(di)（低(di)于(yu)(yu)2.65V）時(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)并聯(lian)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)仍將(jiang)消(xiao)耗(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，尤(you)其是(shi)對于(yu)(yu)長期擱置(zhi)(zhi)不使(shi)用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車而(er)言，此(ci)時(shi)并聯(lian)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)將(jiang)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直至將(jiang)內(nei)部(bu)的單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至損(sun)壞(huai)狀態(tai)。目前國內(nei)外單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)在單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的自(zi)(zi)動(dong)掉(diao)(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計研究甚少，大(da)(da)多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)方案(an)是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)處于(yu)(yu)欠壓時(shi)，通過(guo)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)掉(diao)(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。然(ran)而(er)該方案(an)存在的缺點(dian)是(shi)可(ke)靠性不高、能耗(hao)大(da)(da)。為(wei)此(ci)，需設計一種自(zi)(zi)動(dong)切除掉(diao)(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)可(ke)做到當檢測到單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)處于(yu)(yu)欠壓時(shi)，將(jiang)單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)管理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)從單(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)切除。