單(dan)體鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池之間的容(rong)(rong)量差異是導致單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池出(chu)(chu)現過度充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、過度放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的最根本原因，解決(jue)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)之一(yi)(yi)是對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組進行均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。目前，對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的研究(jiu)(jiu)主要(yao)側重(zhong)(zhong)于兩部(bu)分：一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分是對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)拓撲的設計，另一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分是對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)控制策略(lve)的研究(jiu)(jiu)。而目前的研究(jiu)(jiu)是側重(zhong)(zhong)于對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)拓撲的設計，主要(yao)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)法(fa)(fa)[5.19.20]、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)法(fa)(fa)2122]、開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)232]、雙向DC-DC變(bian)流器法(fa)(fa)P7-29]、多繞組變(bian)壓器法(fa)(fa)0-31]、集散式均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)法(fa)(fa)[B2.3]等。與(yu)此同時，各大(da)半導體公司也推出(chu)(chu)了均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)控制集成芯(xin)片以(yi)及配套解決(jue)方(fang)(fang)案，如Atmel公司推出(chu)(chu)了ATA6870、ATA6871鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池并(bing)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻分流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)案，TI公司于2010年推出(chu)(chu)了BQ78PL1114、BQ76PL102開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)法(fa)(fa)均衡(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)案等。

主要存在以(yi)下問題：

1）均衡時(shi)間是一個(ge)共同(tong)且嚴重的(de)問(wen)題，多數(shu)達(da)數(shu)小時(shi)之久；

2）現有的(de)均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)技術大(da)多數基于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)，由于(yu)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量差異性的(de)存在(zai)使(shi)得(de)各單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓外特性的(de)不(bu)(bu)一致(zhi)，尤其(qi)在(zai)單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升較快，使(shi)得(de)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓作為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)一致(zhi)性的(de)判(pan)據(ju)存在(zai)均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)判(pan)據(ju)不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)問(wen)題。同時，研究(jiu)表明(ming)該方法(fa)對(dui)均(jun)衡(heng)(heng)前后電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)可用容量的(de)增加效果并(bing)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)顯；

3）實(shi)用(yong)性差，電(dian)(dian)路設計時不(bu)(bu)能(neng)兼顧電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的使用(yong)工況，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)隨電(dian)(dian)池組(zu)串聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)池節數的增(zeng)加(jia)而進行(xing)模(mo)塊化擴展等。

綜上所述，目前對(dui)動力電池組均衡充(chong)電的(de)研究尚存在(zai)諸多問(wen)題，對(dui)均衡時間的(de)縮短、電池組一致性評價的(de)判據、以及對(dui)均衡充(chong)電控制策(ce)略的(de)研究還(huan)需進一步(bu)的(de)深(shen)入和(he)提高。

動力鋰電池組保護研究現狀

鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的安全(quan)性(xing)歸根結底取決于(yu)鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)材(cai)料的熱(re)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)，單體電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的不一致性(xing)使(shi)得動力鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)并、串聯成組使(shi)用時，其熱(re)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)問(wen)題尤為(wei)突出。由于(yu)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)材(cai)料特性(xing)決定(ding)了其對(dui)過熱(re)更為(wei)敏感，使(shi)得對(dui)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使(shi)用的保護電(dian)路(lu)研究尤為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。

針對(dui)(dui)動力鋰電(dian)池組使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的保護(hu)問(wen)題，目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)電(dian)池產(chan)品設(she)計和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)控制方面采(cai)取了一些措施。根據對(dui)(dui)電(dian)池耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能的分析，發現電(dian)池正(zheng)極(ji)材料耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能越強相應電(dian)池耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能就(jiu)會(hui)越強，因此，為了提(ti)高鋰電(dian)池的耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能，一方面，在(zai)電(dian)池產(chan)品設(she)計過(guo)程中(zhong)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)PTC[B8]、Vent/CID等安(an)全裝置、采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)耐(nai)(nai)過(guo)充(chong)(chong)的正(zheng)極(ji)材料B9.40]、采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱封(feng)閉隔離膜、采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)具有(you)PTC效應的電(dian)極(ji)[4]、采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)壓(ya)敏(min)感隔離膜

[42]或者添加過(guo)充(chong)(chong)添加劑[434]。令一(yi)(yi)方面，為了(le)防止(zhi)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過(guo)度充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，保證電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的使用(yong)安全性，在實(shi)際應用(yong)中(zhong)，單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)池及電(dian)(dian)(dian)池組均加載保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，并使用(yong)專用(yong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)系(xi)統。各大(da)(da)半(ban)導體公(gong)司(si)(si)也紛紛推出了(le)鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池保護(hu)集成管理(li)芯片(pian)，如TI公(gong)司(si)(si)的bq77910、凹凸科技的OZ890等。該方法直接、有(you)效(xiao)，但并非萬(wan)無(wu)一(yi)(yi)失。尤(you)其是對于高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)使用(yong)場合，例如比亞迪公(gong)司(si)(si)即將推出的名(ming)為“秦(qin)”的第二代(dai)雙(shuang)模電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級已(yi)高達(da)500V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池數目多大(da)(da)幾百(bai)只，而(er)任一(yi)(yi)節單體電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的管理(li)失控都有(you)可能(neng)帶來(lai)嚴重的安全問(wen)題(ti)。

另外(wai)，單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的能耗(hao)(hao)問(wen)題也逐漸(jian)成為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)保護需(xu)要考慮的問(wen)題。針對(dui)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路存在的能耗(hao)(hao)問(wen)題，在單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中對(dui)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、溫度等(deng)參(can)數檢測上進行了(le)低功耗(hao)(hao)設計。然而(er)(er)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組帶載(zai)過(guo)(guo)重輸出(chu)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，或(huo)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)置太久漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓很低（低于2.65V）時(shi)，此(ci)時(shi)并聯在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路仍將(jiang)消耗(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，尤其是對(dui)于長期擱置不使用的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車而(er)(er)言，此(ci)時(shi)并聯在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)的單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路將(jiang)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組過(guo)(guo)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直至(zhi)將(jiang)內(nei)部的單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)損壞狀態。目前國內(nei)外(wai)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路在單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)(guo)度放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)的自動(dong)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設計研究甚少，大多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)方(fang)案是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組處于欠壓時(shi)，通過(guo)(guo)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器自動(dong)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。然而(er)(er)該方(fang)案存在的缺點是可靠性(xing)不高、能耗(hao)(hao)大。為(wei)此(ci)，需(xu)設計一種自動(dong)切(qie)除(chu)掉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路可做到(dao)(dao)當檢測到(dao)(dao)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)處于欠壓時(shi)，將(jiang)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路從單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)體(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)兩(liang)端(duan)切(qie)除(chu)。