質子交換膜氫燃料電池（proton exchange membrane fuel cell，英文簡稱PEMFC）是一種燃料電池，在原理上(shang)相當于水電(dian)解的(de)(de)“逆”裝置。其(qi)單電(dian)池由陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)、陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)和質(zhi)子(zi)交換膜組(zu)成，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)氫(qing)燃(ran)料發(fa)生(sheng)氧化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)場(chang)所，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)氧化(hua)(hua)劑還原的(de)(de)場(chang)所，兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)都含有加速電(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑，質(zhi)子(zi)交換膜作為(wei)電(dian)解質(zhi)。工(gong)作時相當于一(yi)直流(liu)電(dian)源，其(qi)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)即電(dian)源負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)電(dian)源正極(ji)(ji)(ji)。

氫燃料電(dian)池兩電(dian)極的反應分(fen)別為：

陽極（負極）：2H₂ – 4e = 4H⁺

陰極（正極）：O₂ + 4e + 4H⁺ = 2H₂O注(zhu)意(yi)所有(you)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子e都省略了負(fu)號上標。由于質子交(jiao)換(huan)膜只能(neng)傳導質子，因(yin)此氫質子可直接穿過(guo)質子交(jiao)換(huan)膜到達(da)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)，而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子只能(neng)通(tong)過(guo)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)才能(neng)到達(da)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子通(tong)過(guo)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)流(liu)向陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)時就產生了直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以陽極(ji)(ji)為參考時，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位為1.23V。也即(ji)每一單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓理論上限為1.23V。接有(you)負(fu)載時輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓取決于輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度，通(tong)常(chang)在0.5~1V之間(jian)。將多個單電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池層疊(die)組合就能(neng)構(gou)成輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓滿足實際負(fu)載需要(yao)的燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池堆。

PEMFC的電(dian)(dian)極(ji)常被稱為膜電(dian)(dian)極(ji)組件，它(ta)是指質(zhi)子交(jiao)換膜和其兩(liang)側各(ge)一片多孔氣體擴(kuo)散電(dian)(dian)極(ji)（涂有催化(hua)劑的多孔碳布）組成(cheng)的陰(yin)、陽極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)的復合(he)體。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堆由(you)多個單(dan)體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以串(chuan)聯(lian)方式層疊(die)(die)組合(he)而成(cheng)。將雙(shuang)極(ji)板(ban)與膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)三合(he)一組件（MEA）交替疊(die)(die)合(he)，各單(dan)體之間嵌入密封件，經(jing)前、后端板(ban)壓緊(jin)后用(yong)螺(luo)桿緊(jin)固拴(shuan)牢，即構成(cheng)質(zhi)子交換膜燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堆，如附圖所示。疊(die)(die)合(he)壓緊(jin)時應確保氣(qi)體主通(tong)道對正以便(bian)氫氣(qi)和氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)能順利(li)通(tong)達每一單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堆工(gong)作時，氫氣(qi)和氧(yang)(yang)氣(qi)分別由(you)進(jin)口(kou)引入，經(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)堆氣(qi)體主通(tong)道分配至各單(dan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的雙(shuang)極(ji)板(ban)，經(jing)雙(shuang)極(ji)板(ban)導流均勻分配至電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)，通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)支撐體與催化(hua)(hua)劑接觸進(jin)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學反應。

電(dian)堆的(de)(de)核心是(shi)MEA組(zu)件和(he)雙極(ji)板(ban)(ban)。MEA是(shi)將兩張噴(pen)涂有(you)Nafion溶液及(ji)Pt催(cui)化劑(ji)的(de)(de)碳纖維(wei)紙電(dian)極(ji)分別(bie)置于經預(yu)處理的(de)(de)質子(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)膜(mo)兩側，使催(cui)化劑(ji)靠(kao)近質子(zi)(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)膜(mo)，在一定溫度(du)和(he)壓(ya)力下(xia)模壓(ya)制成(cheng)(cheng)。雙極(ji)板(ban)(ban)常用(yong)石墨(mo)板(ban)(ban)材料制作(zuo)，具有(you)高(gao)密度(du)、高(gao)強(qiang)度(du)，無(wu)穿孔性漏氣(qi)，在高(gao)壓(ya)強(qiang)下(xia)無(wu)變形，導(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)熱(re)性能(neng)優(you)良，與(yu)電(dian)極(ji)相(xiang)容性好等(deng)特點。常用(yong)石墨(mo)雙極(ji)板(ban)(ban)厚度(du)約(yue)2~3.7mm，經銑床加(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)具有(you)一定形狀的(de)(de)導(dao)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)體槽(cao)及(ji)流(liu)(liu)體通道(dao)，其流(liu)(liu)道(dao)設計和(he)加(jia)工工藝(yi)與(yu)電(dian)池性能(neng)密切相(xiang)關。

質子交換膜(mo)氫燃料電池優點

質(zhi)子交換(huan)膜(mo)燃料電池(chi)具有如下優點：e其(qi)發(fa)電過程不涉及氫(qing)氧燃燒(shao)，因而(er)不受卡諾循環(huan)的限制，能(neng)量轉換(huan)率高(gao)；發(fa)電時不產生污染，發(fa)電單元(yuan)模塊化，可靠性高(gao)，組裝和維(wei)修都很方便，工(gong)作時也沒有噪音。所以，質(zhi)子交換(huan)膜(mo)燃料電池(chi)電源(yuan)是一(yi)種清(qing)潔、高(gao)效(xiao)的綠色(se)環(huan)保(bao)電源(yuan)。

質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)交換膜燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)工作(zuo)溫度低、啟(qi)動快、比功(gong)率高、結(jie)構簡單、操作(zuo)方便等被公認(ren)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動汽車、固定發電(dian)(dian)站等的(de)首選(xuan)能(neng)源(yuan)。在燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部，質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)交換膜為(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)的(de)遷移(yi)(yi)和輸送提供(gong)通道，使(shi)得質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)經過膜從(cong)陽極到達陰極，與外電(dian)(dian)路的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)轉移(yi)(yi)構成回路，向外界(jie)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)流，因此質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)(zi)交換膜的(de)性能(neng)對燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)性能(neng)起(qi)著(zhu)非常重要(yao)的(de)作(zuo)用，它的(de)好壞(huai)直接影響(xiang)電(dian)(dian)的(de)使(shi)用壽命。

質(zhi)子交換類膜氫(qing)燃料電池存(cun)在下(xia)述缺點：

（1）制作困(kun)難、成(cheng)本(ben)高，全氟物(wu)質(zhi)的合(he)成(cheng)和磺化都非常困(kun)難，而(er)且在成(cheng)膜過程(cheng)中的水解、磺化容易使聚合(he)物(wu)變(bian)性、降解，使得成(cheng)膜困(kun)難，導致成(cheng)本(ben)較高；

（2）對溫度(du)(du)和含水量要求高，Nafion系(xi)列膜的最(zui)佳工(gong)作溫度(du)(du)為70~90℃，超過此溫度(du)(du)會使其含水量急劇降低，導(dao)電性迅(xun)速下降，阻礙了(le)通過適當提(ti)高工(gong)作溫度(du)(du)來(lai)提(ti)高電極(ji)反(fan)應速度(du)(du)和克服催化劑中毒的難題；

（3）某些碳氫化合(he)物，如(ru)甲醇等，滲透率較高(gao)，不適合(he)用(yong)作直接(jie)甲醇燃料(liao)電池（DMFC）的質子交換膜。

質子(zi)交換膜氫(qing)燃料(liao)電池的應用

質子交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)(mo)氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)作為新一代發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)，其廣(guang)闊的(de)應用(yong)(yong)前景可與計算機技(ji)術(shu)相媲(pi)美。經過多年(nian)的(de)基礎研(yan)究(jiu)與應用(yong)(yong)開發(fa)(fa)，質子交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)(mo)氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池用(yong)(yong)作汽車(che)動力的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)已取(qu)得實質性(xing)進(jin)展，微型質子交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)(mo)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池便攜(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和小(xiao)型質子交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)(mo)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池移動電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)已達到產品(pin)化程度，中、大功率質子交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)(huan)膜(mo)(mo)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)也取(qu)得了一定成果。

采(cai)用(yong)質(zhi)子(zi)交(jiao)換(huan)膜燃料電(dian)池氫能發電(dian)將(jiang)大大提高重(zhong)要裝(zhuang)備及建筑電(dian)氣系統的供電(dian)可靠性，使重(zhong)要建筑物以市(shi)電(dian)和備用(yong)集中(zhong)柴油(you)電(dian)站供電(dian)的方式向(xiang)市(shi)電(dian)與中(zhong)、小(xiao)型質(zhi)子(zi)交(jiao)換(huan)膜燃料電(dian)池發電(dian)裝(zhuang)置、太陽能發電(dian)、風力(li)發電(dian)等分散(san)電(dian)源聯網備用(yong)供電(dian)的靈(ling)活發供電(dian)系統轉(zhuan)變(bian)，極大地提高建筑物的智能化程度、節(jie)能水平和環保效益。